Chemical Heterogeneity In Poly [styrene-co-(butyl Methaerylate)] Copolymer Latexes Prepared Using Different Monomer Addition Modes. A Study By Isopycnic Centrifugation In Density Gradient

Three different styrene-butyl methacrylate copolymer latexes were prepared by a uniform procedure but introducing styrene (S), butyl methacrylate (BMA), and minor amounts of acrylic acid (AA), in three different orders: i) simultaneous monomers addition, which yielded {P(SBMA)}; ii) addition of S (and half of the AA) followed by BMA (and the remaining AA), yielding {PS/PBMA} and iii) the inverse order, (PBMA/ PS}. Product characterization was done by centrifugation in density gradients coupled to scattered light scanning photometry of the centrifugation tubes. IR and NMR spectra were obtained from bulk polymer as well as from isopycnic centrifugation fractions. In agreement with findings of other authors, the particles produced by simultaneous monomer addition (P(SBMA)} are made out of the statistical copolymer, whereas sequential monomer addition leads to the formation of latex with homopolymer domains. IR and NMR spectra of {PS/PBMA} and {PBMA/PS} are identical but isopycnic density band profiles of all three samples are distinct. Acrylic acid residues are not detected in the dialyzed latex, using both IR and NMR. Spectra of latex isopycnic fractions do also show significant differences arising from their monomer chemical compositions, but isopycnic centrifugation and spectral data do not reveal any correlation between particle density and monomer composition. Isopycnic centrifugation can thus solve two problems on latex characterization: first, it is a high-resolution preparative technique, unmatched by any other separation method. Second, it yields latex particle fingerprints, which are dependent on particle chemical characteristics, rather than on particle diameters.2753244253Napper, D.H., Gilbert, R.G., (1989) Comprehensive Polymer Science, 4, pp. 171-218. , Eastmond GC, Ledwith A, Russo S, Sigwalt P (eds). 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Correlation Of Cephalometric And Anthropometric Measures With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity

Introduction: Patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) often have associated changes in craniofacial morphology and distribution of body fat, either alone or in combination. Aim: To correlate cephalometric and anthropometric measures with OSAHS severity by using the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Method: A retrospective cephalometry study of 93 patients with OSAHS was conducted from July 2010 to July 2012. The following measurements were evaluated: body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), the angles formed by the cranial base and the maxilla (SNA) and the mandible (SNB), the difference between SNA and SNB (ANB), the distance from the mandibular plane to the hyoid bone (MP-H), the space between the base of the tongue and the posterior pharyngeal wall (PAS), and the distance between the posterior nasal spine and the tip of the uvula (PNS-P). Means, standard deviations, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated and analyzed. Results: AHI correlated significantly with BMI (r = 0.207, p = 0.047), NC (r = 0.365, p = 0.000), WC (r = 0.337, p = 0.001), PNS-P (r = 0.282, p = 0.006), and MP-H (r = 0.235, p = 0.023). Conclusion: Anthropometric measurements (BMI, NC, and WC) and cephalometric measurements (MP-H and PNS-P) can be used as predictors of OSAHS severity.173321328Force, A.A.O.S.M.T., Sleep-related breathing disorders in adults: Recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in clinical research (1999) Sleep, 22 (5), pp. 667-689Racionero Casero, M.A., Garcia Rio, F., Pino Garcia, J.M., Prados Sanchez, C., Diaz Lobato, S., Villamor Leon, J., The sleep apnea syndrome as a health problem. 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