1,905 research outputs found
Towards the AlexNet Moment for Homomorphic Encryption: HCNN, theFirst Homomorphic CNN on Encrypted Data with GPUs
Deep Learning as a Service (DLaaS) stands as a promising solution for
cloud-based inference applications. In this setting, the cloud has a
pre-learned model whereas the user has samples on which she wants to run the
model. The biggest concern with DLaaS is user privacy if the input samples are
sensitive data. We provide here an efficient privacy-preserving system by
employing high-end technologies such as Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE),
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). FHE,
with its widely-known feature of computing on encrypted data, empowers a wide
range of privacy-concerned applications. This comes at high cost as it requires
enormous computing power. In this paper, we show how to accelerate the
performance of running CNNs on encrypted data with GPUs. We evaluated two CNNs
to classify homomorphically the MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets. Our solution
achieved a sufficient security level (> 80 bit) and reasonable classification
accuracy (99%) and (77.55%) for MNIST and CIFAR-10, respectively. In terms of
latency, we could classify an image in 5.16 seconds and 304.43 seconds for
MNIST and CIFAR-10, respectively. Our system can also classify a batch of
images (> 8,000) without extra overhead
Redetermination of Ce[B5O8(OH)(H2O)]NO3·2H2O
The crystal structure of Ce[B5O8(OH)(H2O)]NO3·2H2O, cerium(III) aquahydroxidooctaoxidopentaborate nitrate dihydrate, has been redetermined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. In contrast to the previous determination [Li et al. (2003 ▶). Chem. Mater.
15, 2253–2260], the present study reveals the location of all H atoms, slightly different fundamental building blocks (FBBs) of the polyborate anions, more reasonable displacement ellipsoids for all non-H atoms, as well as a model without disorder of the nitrate anion. The crystal structure is built from corrugated polyborate layers parallel to (010). These layers, consisting of [B5O8(OH)(H2O)]2− anions as FBBs, stack along [010] and are linked by Ce3+ ions, which exhibit a distorted CeO10 coordination sphere. The layers are additionally stabilized via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between water molecules and nitrate anions, located at the interlayer space. The [BO3(H2O)]-group shows a [3 + 1] coordination and is considerably distorted from a tetrahedral configuration. Bond-valence-sum calculation shows that the valence sum of boron is only 2.63 valence units (v.u.) when the contribution of the water molecule (0.49 v.u.) is neglected
MnBa2(HPO4)2(H2PO4)2
Crystals of manganese(II) dibarium bis(hydrogenphosphate) bis(dihydrogenphosphate), MnBa2(HPO4)2(H2PO4)2, were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The title compound is isotypic with its CdII and CaII analogues. The structure is built up of an infinite {[Mn(HPO4)2(H2PO4)2]4−}n chain running along [100], which consists of alternate MnO6 octahedra and [PO4] tetrahedra, in which the centrosymmetric MnO6 octahedra share their four equatorial O-atom corners with tetrahedral [PO3(OH)] groups and their two axial apices with tetrahedral [PO2(OH)2] groups. These chains are held together by BaO9 coordination polyhedra, developing into a three-dimensional structure. The O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds additionally stabilize the structural set-up. Due to the ionic radius of Mn2+ being much smaller than those of Ca2+ and Cd2+, this may imply that their adopted structure type has a great tolerance for incorporating various ions and the exploitation of more diverse compounds in the future is encouraged
(Ga0.71B0.29)PO4 with a high-cristobalite-type structure refined from powder data
Gallium boron phosphate, (Ga0.71B0.29)PO4, was synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure is isostructural with the tetragonal high-cristobalite structure with space group P
which is built from alternating Ga(B)O4 and PO4 tetrahedra interconnected by sharing the common O-atom vertices, resulting in a three-dimensional structure with two-dimensional six-membered-ring tunnels running along the a and b axes
Cerium(III) dihydroxidohexaoxidotetraborate chloride
The crystal structure of the title compound, Ce[B4O6(OH)2]Cl, is built from polyborate sheets parallel to the (001) plane. These sheets stack along the [001] direction and are linked by Ce atoms exhibiting an CeO8Cl2 coordination sphere. O—H⋯O and O—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds additionally stabilize the structural set-up. The polyborate sheet is made up of zigzag borate chains running along the [10] direction. These zigzag chains are interconnected by shared O-vertices, resulting in a two-dimensional layer with nine-membered rings. All B and O atoms (except for the terminal OH atoms) lie in the nearly planar sheets of polyborates, leading to their isotropic atomic displacement parameters being significantly smaller than usual. This may be attributed to the fact that the atomic displacement parameters correlate not only with their atomic masses but with their coordination environments also
Lithium manganese(II) diaquaborophosphate monohydrate
The title compound, LiMn(H2O)2[BP2O8]·H2O, is built up of an open framework of helical borophosphate ribbons interconnected by MnO4(H2O)2 octahedra, forming one-dimensional channels along [001] occupied by Li+ cations and disordered H2O molecules (site occupancy 0.5). The Li cations reside in two partially occupied sites [occupancies = 0.42 (3) and 0.289 (13)] near the helices
Ammonium iron(III) phosphate(V) fluoride, (NH4)0.5[(NH4)0.375K0.125]FePO4F, with ammonium partially substituted by potassium
The title compound, ammonium potassium iron(III) phosphate fluoride, (NH4)0.875K0.125FePO4F, is built from zigzag chains ∞
1{[FeO4F2]7−}, with Fe3+ in a distorted octahedral coordination, extending along both the [011] and [01] directions. These chains are made up of alternating trans-[FeO4F2] and cis-[FeO4F2] octahedra via shared F-atom corners, and are linked by PO4 tetrahedra, resulting in an open-framework structure with channels along the [010] and [100] directions. There are two crystallographically independent ammonium sites: one in the [010] channels and the other, partially substituted by K+ ions, in the [100] channels. The ammonium in the [010] channels is fixed to the framework via eight hydrogen bonds (six N—H⋯O and two N—H⋯F)
Tetraaquatetramanganese(II) catena-[germanodihydroxidodi(hydrogenphosphate)diphosphate]
The title compound, Mn4(H2O)4[Ge(OH)2(HPO4)2(PO4)2], was synthesized by the solvothermal method. Its crystal structure is isotypic with the iron and cobalt analogues [Huang et al. (2012 ▶). Inorg. Chem.
51, 3316–3323]. In the crystal structure, the framework is built from undulating manganese phosphate sheets parallel to (010) interconnected by GeO6 octahedra (at the inversion center), resulting in a three-dimensional network with eight-membered ring channels into which all the protons point. The undulating manganese phosphate sheet consists of zigzag manganese octahedral chains along [10-1], built from MnO4(OH)(OH2) octahedra and MnO5(OH2) octahedra by sharing their trans or skew edges, which are interconnected by PO3(OH) and PO4 tetrahedra via corner-sharing. The crystal structure features extensive O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonding interactions
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Infrared Spectroscopy of a novel hydronium trihydrate hybrid compound: (C6H22N4)2H9O4CdCl6CdCl5Cl2
A 0-dimensional (0D) hybrid compound, (C6H22N4)2H9O4CdCl6CdCl5Cl2 has been prepared by a facile conventional evaporation method. The crystal packing of discrete constituents of [Cd(1)Cl6] octahedra, [Cd(2)Cl5] trigonal bipyramids, Cl– ions, protonated tris(2-aminoethyl)amine molecules ([(C2H7N)3NH]4+) and H9O4+ ions, is stabilized by diverse hydrogen bonds of N-H···Cl, C-H···Cl and C-H···O. Uncommonly, an isolated chlorine ion (i.e. Cl(4)) is fixed at a special position at 12c(3.) by hydrogen bonds from four surrounding hydrogen atoms at a trigonal pyramidal configuration whereas other chlorine atoms Cl(1), Cl(2) and Cl(3) are stabilized by hydrogen bonds from 2, 2 and 3 hydrogen atoms at bifurcated, linear and trigonal configurations, respectively. The ordered arrangement of [Cl(4) [Cl(4)···H4] trigonal pyramidal configuration upward or downward is responsible for the long c-axis of the title compound. Additionally, a H9O4+ ion is entangled with symmetry restriction and half occupancy. All these features of the title compound add our new knowledge about hydrogen bonds
Ammonium iron(III) phosphate(V) fluoride, (NH4)(0.5)[(NH4)(0.375)K0.125]FePO4F, with ammonium partially substituted by potassium
National Natural Science Foundation of China [40472027]The title compound, ammonium potassium iron(III) phosphate fluoride, (NH4)(0.875)K0.125FePO4F, is built from zigzag chains∞{[FeO4F2](7-)}, with Fe3+ in a distorted octahedral coordination, extending along both the [011] and [0ㄒ1] directions. These chains are made up of alternating trans- [FeO4F2] and cis-[FeO4F2] octahedra via shared F-atom corners, and are linked by PO4 tetrahedra, resulting in an open-framework structure with channels along the [010] and [100] directions. There are two crystallographically independent ammonium sites: one in the [010] channels and the other, partially substituted by K+ ions, in the [100] channels. The ammonium in the [010] channels is fixed to the framework via eight hydrogen bonds (six N-H O and two N-H ···F)
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