10 research outputs found

    Bases de radiométrie optique

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    Recombinaison cohérente de fibres laser

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    Résumé françaisRésumé anglaisORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Elaboration de deux spectromètres par transformée de Fourier utilisant des matériaux biréfringents (un spectro-polarimètre et un spectro-imageur)

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    Ce travail de thèse porte sur l étude et la réalisation de deux spectromètres à transformée de Fourier utilisant des matériaux biréfringents. Le premier est un spectromètre statique utilisant une configuration innovante, à base de lame de Savart associée à une optique de Fourier. Il est destiné à la mesure de luminance spectrique de sources homogènes et il peut être transformé en spectro-polarimètre moyennant l ajout d une simple lame à retard en rotation. Le deuxième appareil est un imageur spectral construit autour de deux prismes de Wollaston dont l un est mobile, en translation par rapport à l autre. Il permet de faire l image, en luminance spectrique, d objets étendus avec une résolution spatiale pouvant aller jusqu à 1000x1000 points. Dans les deux dispositifs, la mesure repose sur l enregistrement d un certain nombre d images, constituées de franges d interférence localisées sur une matrice de détecteurs et permettant de constituer un ensemble d interférogrammes à partir desquels est appliqué un traitement de signal adapté (par transformée de Fourier) pour déterminer la luminance spectrique recherchée. Dans le spectro-polarimètre, chaque image constitue un interférogramme spatial, construit à partir de tous les détecteurs élémentaires. Dans l imageur spectral, chaque pixel donne lieu à un interférogramme propre, qui est construit séquentiellement dans le temps, au fur et à mesure du déplacement du cube mobile. La résolution spectrale obtenue est de l ordre de 5nm pour des domaines d applications portant sur la qualité colorimétrique des écrans plats et l analyse spectrale des pigments de peinture dans les œuvres d art.New Fourier-Transform Spectrometers are carried out using birefringent materials. The first one is a static spectro-polarimeter using a calcite-made Savart plate with a Fourier optics. It is dedicated to measure the spectral luminance distribution and the polarization state of any homogeneous surface. The second instrument is a hyper spectral imager based on two symmetric fluorine-made Wollaston prisms, one moving linearly towards the other. It gives the spectral luminance distribution of an extended source up to 1000x1000 points. In both systems, the spectral information is extracted from interferograms, after a dedicated Fourier transform computation. In the polarimeter, the interferogram is spatially obtained on a two dimensional camera whereas, in the spectral imager, each pixel of the camera has its own interferogram, temporally constructed with the movement of the Wollaston cube. The spectral resolution achieved is about 5nm in the visible range and the instruments are well adapted for flat panel displays quality test and pigment painting detection.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude théorique et expérimentale de la vibrométrie laser à longue distance par lidar cohérent

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    La mesure sans contact et à grande distance de vibrations de faible amplitude (de l'ordre du micromètre) est un besoin grandissant dans le monde industriel, tant dans le domaine civil pour étudier l'intégrité de structures, que dans le domaine militaire afin de réaliser l identification de cibles. Les lidars à détection cohérente hétérodyne (ou lidars cohérents) permettent la mesure de vitesse de vibration jusqu à quelques micromètres par seconde, à plusieurs kilomètres, voire plusieurs dizaines de kilomètres de distance. Leur principe est de mesurer le décalage fréquentiel de l onde laser dû à l effet Doppler subi lors de la rétrodiffusion sur une cible vibrante. La problématique scientifique des travaux exposés dans ce mémoire est la conception d'un vibromètre laser capable de mesurer ces faibles vitesses de vibration à grande distance sur des cibles non coopératives. Une étude théorique et expérimentale est menée, concernant, en particulier, les bruits affectant la mesure de vibration par lidar, ainsi que le couplage entre la tache laser et la répartition des modes de vibration sur la surface de la cible. Un simulateur de la mesure, validé en comparant les mesures expérimentales sur une maquette d'avion avec les mesures simulées, permet de déterminer les performances du système. Puis la capacité de mesure des lidars cohérents est démontrée expérimentalement, à partir d'une architecture lidar fibrée à 1,5 micromètre, sur des cibles en vol à 2,5 km, ainsi que par des mesures très basses fréquences sur bâtiments. Enfin, la possibilité de compensation des vibrations propres de la plateforme en vue d'embarquer le vibromètre laser sur un porteur mobile est étudiée.Remote sensing of very low amplitude (few micrometers) vibration at long range is a growing need in the industry, both in the civilian sector to study the integrity of structure, and in the military sector to achieve target identification. Coherent lidars allow the measure of vibration speed around some micrometers per second at a range of several kilometers or even dozens of kilometres. They are based on the measure of the frequency shift due to Doppler effect suffered when backscattering on a moving target occurs. The scientific issue of the work reported in this thesis is to design a laser vibrometer measuring these low vibration speeds of non-cooperative targets at long range. A theoretical and experimental study is conducted, more particularly about the noise affecting the measure, and the coupling between the laser spot and the vibration patterns on the surface of the target. A simulator of the measure, validated by comparing experimental measurements on a model airplane with simulated measurements, is built to determine the system performance. Then the experimental demonstration of the ability of coherent lidar to perform long range and high sensitivity measurements is made on flying targets at 2.5 km, and by very low frequency measures on buildings, using a 1.55 micron all fibered lidar. Finally, the compensation of own platform vibration is studied in order to board the laser vibrometer on a moving carrier.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    OPTIMISATION ET REALISATION DE DETECTEURS INFRAROUGE A BASE DE PUITS QUANTIQUES GAAS / ALGAAS

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    ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Refractive Index of Optical Materials

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    International audienceThis chapter deals with the use of methods for measuring the refractive index of optical materials. It contains five sections : The first section recalls some bases of the electromagnetic theory of light leading to the main characteristics of the index of refraction, and their consequences in geometrical optics (Snell–Descartes laws), in the spectral transmission and absorption of optical media, or the polarization of light beams at interfaces between optical media. The second section describes the more or less classical panel of methods that have been devised to measure refractive indices of bulk materials: these are essentially based upon either the refraction or reflection of light inside prisms (minimum deviation angle, Littrow methods,…) polarizing properties of optical boundaries (ellipsometric, Brewster configurations). While the previous section consists of refractive index characterization at a given temperature, the third section is dedicated to the dependence of the refractive index upon the temperature: the normalized thermo-optic coefficient (NTOC) is defined here and an experimental set-up specially designed for this purpose by one of the authors is described in detail. The last section is concerned with the fact that most optical components are thin film coated in order to improve their performance in transmission, reflection or absorption. Since spectrophotometry is extensively used to characterize these coatings, the operating principle of spectrophotometers is recalled, as well as the main parameters of these deposited films that one can expect to extract by using this technology from spectrophotometric measurements. Various spectrophotometric procedures are described to determine the optical constants of optical ‘‘systems'' (bulk and thin film compounds) in the case of homogeneous or inhomogeneous films, slightly absorbing or not

    Design of electro-optic frequency shifters

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    Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Rochester. College of Engineering and Applied Science. Institute of Optics. This thesis was digitized by the Institute of Optics in 2014 and was determined to have lapsed into the public domain. If you are the author and have questions about the digitization of your work, please contact Kari Brick, Graduate Program Coordinator for the Institute of Optics, at [email protected]. Other contact information for the Institute is available at http://www.optics.rochester.eduThis thesis describes a theoretical investigation of electrooptic frequency shifters for possible use in interferometric applications (Heterodyne Interferometry), and an experimental investigation of some of the principal theoretical predictions. After recalling the basic properties of electrooptic crystals, we start from the known design of a two-crystal, sinusoidally excited modulator, and examine the possibilities of improvements by the use of more than two crystals. Although the theoretical conversion efficiency and spectral purity are improved by the addition of more crystals, it is shown that, in practice, the two crystal modulator competes favorably with other designs. This particular set-up is then studied in detail, in the two configurations in which it may be used. By means of the Jones calculus, we determine the reduction in performance caused by errors in various system parameters. The field of view of the modulator is evaluated, as well as the decrease in performance when the crystals are not anti-reflection coated. The experimental study of two-crystal frequency shifters shows that the system operates very near its theoretical limits in both configurations. The mechanical and electrical tolerances are rather easy to meet, but the quality of the optical elements must be high to insure a high degree of spectral purity in the output
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