Subgenual cingulate-amygdala functional disconnection and vulnerability to melancholic depression

The syndromic heterogeneity of major depressive disorder (MDD) hinders understanding of the etiology of predisposing vulnerability traits and underscores the importance of identifying neurobiologically valid phenotypes. Distinctive fMRI biomarkers of vulnerability to MDD subtypes are currently lacking. This study investigated whether remitted melancholic MDD patients, who are at an elevated lifetime risk for depressive episodes, demonstrate distinctive patterns of resting-state connectivity with the subgenual cingulate cortex (SCC), known to be of core pathophysiological importance for severe and familial forms of MDD. We hypothesized that patterns of disrupted SCC connectivity would be a distinguishing feature of melancholia. A total of 63 medication-free remitted MDD (rMDD) patients (33 melancholic and 30 nonmelancholic) and 39 never-depressed healthy controls (HC) underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. SCC connectivity was investigated with closely connected bilateral a priori regions of interest (ROIs) relevant to MDD (anterior temporal, ventromedial prefrontal, dorsomedial prefrontal cortices, amygdala, hippocampus, septal region, and hypothalamus). Decreased (less positive) SCC connectivity with the right parahippocampal gyrus and left amygdala distinguished melancholic rMDD patients from the nonmelancholic rMDD and HC groups (cluster-based familywise error-corrected p⩽0.007 over individual a priori ROIs corresponding to approximate Bonferroni-corrected p⩽0.05 across all seven a priori ROIs). No areas demonstrating increased (more positive) connectivity were observed. Abnormally decreased connectivity of the SCC with the amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus distinguished melancholic from nonmelancholic rMDD. These results provide the first resting-state neural signature distinctive of melancholic rMDD and may reflect a subtype-specific primary vulnerability factor given a lack of association with the number of previous episodes

Страноведческий аспект в обучении иностранному языку на современном этапе

Куликова Наталья Эдуардовна. Страноведческий аспект в обучении иностранному языку на современном этапе [Электронный ресурс] / Н. Э. Куликова// Труды Историко-архивного института. - М. : РГГУ, 2007. - Т. 37. - С. 302-306

Fotografía de Carmen Martín Gaite en El Boalo.

En 1960 José Martín López, padre de Carmen, compra un terreno en El Boalo (a 50 km de Madrid, al pie de la Sierra de Navacerrada), y edifica una casa con la piedra del lugar. La finca será bautizada como Los Prados y se convertirá en un lugar importantísimo para Carmen Martín Gaite, su familia y sus amigos. Será el fondo de muchas de las imágenes que componen este conjunto fotográfico.Sumario: En el vuelto de la misma aparece el sello de la tienda de fotografía con la fecha del revelado: "Aug.1978"Metodología: Esta fotografía pertenece al Sobre número 2 de la Caja número 6 de Carmen Martín Gaite titulado: "Doña Carmen, Anita con sus padres, Marta, fiesta familiar"

Departures from Eustasy in Pliocene Sea-Level Records

Proxy data suggest that atmospheric CO2 levels during the middle of the Pliocene epoch (about 3 Myr ago) were similar to today, leading to the use of this interval as a potential analogue for future climate change. Estimates for mid-Pliocene sea levels range from 10 to 40 m above present, and a value of +25 m is often adopted in numerical climate model simulations. A eustatic change of such magnitude implies the complete deglaciation of the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, and significant loss of mass in the East Antarctic ice sheet. However, the effects of glacial isostatic adjustments have not been accounted for in Pliocene sea-level reconstructions. Here we numerically model these effects on Pliocene shoreline features using a gravitationally self-consistent treatment of post-glacial sea-level change. We find that the predicted modern elevation of Pliocene shoreline features can deviate significantly from the eustatic signal, even in the absence of subsequent tectonically-driven movements of the Earth’s surface. In our simulations, this non-eustatic sea-level change, at individual locations, is caused primarily by residual isostatic adjustments associated with late Pleistocene glaciation. We conclude that a combination of model results and field observations can help to better constrain sea level in the past, and hence lend insight into the stability of ice sheets under varying climate conditions

Modelling West Antarctic Ice Sheet Growth and Collapse through the Past Five Million Years

The West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS), with ice volume equivalent to 5 m of sea level1, has long been considered capable of past and future catastrophic collapse2, 3, 4. Today, the ice sheet is fringed by vulnerable floating ice shelves that buttress the fast flow of inland ice streams. Grounding lines are several hundred metres below sea level and the bed deepens upstream, raising the prospect of runaway retreat3, 5. Projections of future WAIS behaviour have been hampered by limited understanding of past variations and their underlying forcing mechanisms6, 7. Its variation since the Last Glacial Maximum is best known, with grounding lines advancing to the continental-shelf edges around 15 kyr ago before retreating to near-modern locations by 3 kyr ago8. Prior collapses during the warmth of the early Pliocene epoch9 and some Pleistocene interglacials have been suggested indirectly from records of sea level and deep-sea-core isotopes, and by the discovery of open-ocean diatoms in subglacial sediments10. Until now11, however, little direct evidence of such behaviour has been available. Here we use a combined ice sheet/ice shelf model12 capable of high-resolution nesting with a new treatment of grounding-line dynamics and ice-shelf buttressing5 to simulate Antarctic ice sheet variations over the past five million years. Modelled WAIS variations range from full glacial extents with grounding lines near the continental shelf break, intermediate states similar to modern, and brief but dramatic retreats, leaving only small, isolated ice caps on West Antarctic islands. Transitions between glacial, intermediate and collapsed states are relatively rapid, taking one to several thousand years. Our simulation is in good agreement with a new sediment record (ANDRILL AND-1B) recovered from the western Ross Sea11, indicating a long-term trend from more frequently collapsed to more glaciated states, dominant 40-kyr cyclicity in the Pliocene, and major retreats at marine isotope stage 31 ( 1.07 Myr ago) and other super-interglacials

Influence of footwear choice, velocity and surfaces on tibial accelerations experienced by field hockey participants during running

Field hockey is a physically demanding sport, exposing participants to potential overuse injuries linked to high levels of impact shock. This study evaluated the influence of footwear, surface and running velocity on impact shock in field hockey participants. Nine elite university male field hockey participants (age 21 ± 1.69 years, height 175.75 ± 6.56 cm and mass 78.13 ± 12.11 kg) volunteered for this study. A skin-mounted accelerometer was used to measure tibial impact shock during forward running at 3.3 and 5.0 m s -1 on concrete and a field hockey-specific synthetic sports surface (SSS), in a range of shoes (n = 5) typically worn by field hockey participants. A significant effect was found for surface and velocity. No significant differences were found between footwear conditions. The study concluded that reducing running velocity and participating in all field hockey activities on a suitable SSS may reduce the occurrence of injuries linked to impact shock in a field hockey population. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC