Convergence Condition of Explicit Finite Element Method for Heat Transfer Problem

The convergence condition of the explicit difference method for the heat transfer problem is aiready obtained. On the other hand, if the problem is formulated by using the weighted residual method for spatial axis, we have no tool to estimate the critical timestep width. In this paper, the estimation method is theoretically presented, and its propriety is examined through a number of numerical experiments

Structural characteristics of alkylimidazolium-based salts containing fluoroanions

An overview of recent structural studies on alkylimidazolium-based salts containing fluoroanions is presented. Alkylimidazolium cations have been most extensively used for syntheses of ionic liquids (room temperature molten salts) because they usually exhibit low melting points, low viscosities and high conductivities. This review mainly focuses on structures of alkylimidazolium-based salts combined with a fluorocomplex anion ((FH)nF⁻, BF₄⁻, PF₆⁻, AsF₆⁻, SbF₆⁻, NbF₆⁻, TaF₆⁻), N(SO₂CF3)₂⁻ (TFSI⁻) and OSO₂CF₃⁻. The first part describes crystal structures of these salts and the second part describes computational, spectroscopic and diffraction studies on their liquid structures. Related studies on ionic liquids of non-alkylimidazolium cation and non-fluoroanion are also briefly summarized

Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids with High Conductivities and Wide Electrochemical Windows

Room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (RMPyr⁺) and N-alkyl-N-methylpiperidinium (RMPip⁺) fluorohydrogenates formulated by RMPyr( HF )₂.₃F and RMPip( HF )₂.₃F ( R = ethyl, propyl, and butyl), have been synthesized by the reactions of the corresponding chlorides and anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. These RTILs exhibit relatively low viscosities (11.5-34.4 cP), high conductivities (12.3-74.6 mS cm⁻¹), and wide electrochemical widows around 5 V using glassy carbon electrodes. The fluorohydrogenate salts of symmetric cations, N, N-dimethylpyrrolidinium (DMPyr⁺) and N, N-dimethylpiperidinium (DMPip⁺) obtained by evacuation at room temperature are solids, exhibiting the composition of DMPyrF-2HF and DMPipF-2HF

Electrolytes toward High-Voltage Na3V2(PO4)2F3 Positive Electrode Durable against Temperature Variation

High power and energy density, long cyclability, and tolerance for wide temperature (seasonal and daily operational temperature differences) must be considered to construct large‐scale sodium secondary batteries. In this regard, Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ (NVPF) has become a subject of interest as a high‐performance positive electrode material owing to its high energy density. However, the high operating voltage of NVPF causes continuous decomposition of electrolytes during cycles, resulting in significant capacity fading and low Coulombic efficiency. In this study, the electrochemical performance of the NVPF electrode in organic solvent electrolytes with and without additives and an ionic liquid is investigated at high voltage regimes over a wide temperature range (−20 °C to 90 °C). The results reveal that the performance of organic electrolytes is still insufficient even with additives, and the ionic liquid electrolyte demonstrates high electrochemical stability and cyclability with NVPF electrodes over a temperature range from −20 °C to 90 °C, achieving stable cycling over 500 cycles. The detailed electrochemical analysis combined with X‐ray photoelectron and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy indicates that a sturdy cathode electrolyte interphase layer around the electrode protects it from capacity fading at high voltage and elevated temperature, resulting in high Coulombic efficiency

Physical and Electrochemical Properties of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids of Mixed Anions, (FH)ₙF⁻, BF₄⁻, and N(SO₂CF₃)₂⁻

Physical and electrochemical properties of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids of mixed anions, (FH)₂.₃F⁻, BF₄⁻, and N(SO₃)₂, have been investigated. Molar volume shows almost linear behavior, whereas molar conductivity is decreased by mixing for the systems involving (FH)₂.₃F⁻ due to the enhancement of ion association in spite of the decrease in viscosity. The currents at the anode and cathode limits in the cyclic voltammogram of EMIm(FH)₂.₃F decreases with decrease in the molar ratio of (FH)ₙF⁻, suggesting the involvement of (FH)ₙF⁻ for both electrode reactions. Electrochemical stability of the BF₄-TFSA mixture is unchanged by mixing

Coordination environment around the lithium cation in solid Li₂(EMIm)(N(SO₂CF₃)₂)₃ (EMIm=1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium): Structural clue of ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium batteries

Crystal structure of Li₂(EMIm)(N(SO₂CF₃)₂)₃ (EMIm = 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation) has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as a structural clue of ionic liquid electrolytes for lithium batteries. Li₂(EMIm)(N(SO₂CF₃)₂)₃ crystallizes in the space group P2₁/c, a = 15.184(3)Å, b = 11.358(3)Å, c = 21.249(5)Å, β = 111.454(12)°, Z = 4, V = 3561.18(14)ų. Two of the three N(SO₂CF₃)₂ anions have cis-conformations and the third anion shows a trans-conformation. The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically independent lithium ions and both of them are trigonal-bipyramidally coordinated by five oxygen atoms of N(SO₂CF₃)₂ anions, forming a two-dimensional network. EMIm cation occupies a space in the network, weakly interacting with the anions