Sharing feelings online: Studying emotional well-being via automated text analysis of Facebook posts

Digital traces of activity on social network sites represent a vast source of ecological data with potential connections with individual behavioral and psychological characteristics. The present study investigates the relationship between user-generated textual content shared on Facebook and emotional well-being. Self-report measures of depression, anxiety and stress were collected from 201 adult Facebook users from North Italy. Emotion-related textual indicators, including emoticon use, were extracted form users’ Facebook posts via automated text analysis. Correlation analyses revealed that individuals with higher levels of depression, anxiety expressed negative emotions on Facebook more frequently. In addition, use of emoticons expressing positive emotions correlated negatively with stress level. When comparing age groups, younger users reported higher frequency of both emotion-related words and emoticon use in their posts. Also, the relationship between online emotional expression and self-report emotional well-being was generally stronger in the younger group. Overall, findings support the feasibility and validity of studying individual emotional well-being by means of examination of Facebook profiles. Implications for online screening purposes and future research directions are discussed

The representation of bullying in Italian primary school children: A mixed-method study comparing drawing and interview data and their association with self-report involvement in bullying events

Bullying continues to be a social issue affecting millions of students of all ages worldwide. Research on bullying seems to be dominated by quantitative research approaches employed standardized categories and measures, ultimately limiting our knowledge about children’s own view on bullying. Our research follows another direction, aiming to explore the representation of bullying in a sample of Italian primary school children by using and comparing the functioning of two qualitative research instruments: interviews, and children’s drawings. In addition, aided by quantitative analyses, we aimed to investigate whether students’ involvement in different bullying roles (as bullies, victims, or defenders), as measured by self-assessment, correlated with different characteristics of the representation of bullying emerging from children’s drawings and interviews. We recruited a convenient sample of 640 primary school students (mean age = 9.44; SD = 0.67), 53.3% of whom were male. The results showed that all forms of bullying, i.e., physical, verbal, and social bullying, could be identified in interview and drawing data, although references to all types of bullying were more frequent in interview data. In terms of bullying criteria, the presence of a power imbalance between the bully and the victim was most frequently detected in both the interview data and the drawing data, while repetition was more easily detected in the interview data. The interview data showed that sadness was the most frequently reported victim emotions, followed by fear, anger, and lack of emotion. The drawing data showed a similar pattern, although victims were more frequently described as lacking emotions compared to the interview data. In both interview and drawing data, age and female gender were positively associated with references to verbal bullying, and negatively associated with references to physical bullying. Additionally, bully/victim children were more likely than uninvolved children to depict physical bullying in the drawings, while this association was not detected in interview data. In summary, our study shows that, compared with drawings, interviews tend to provide a more comprehensive view of children’s own representation of bullying, while drawing data tend to show stronger connections with children’s current personal experiences of bullying

Student-teacher relationships as a protective factor for school adjustment during the transition from middle to high school

A robust body of research has identified school transitions during adolescence, and in particular the transition from middle to high school, as one of the riskiest phases for school failure, being characterized by significant social, emotional and behavioral changes. This transition is critical even with respect to academic achievement: in Italy, the highest frequency of school dropout can be observed in the 9th and 10th grades, partly as a consequence of poor adjustment to the new school context. The impact of students' relationships with their teachers may be particularly relevant during critical developmental periods. Indeed, student-teacher relationships have been widely recognized as protective factors in school adjustment and, in case of negative relationships, also as a factor that increases the risk of maladjustment. Positive and affective student-teacher relationships may play an important role in students' adaptation to the school environment, favoring both academic achievement and adaptive behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the quality of teacher-student relationships, as perceived by pupils, on academic achievement, and problem and prosocial behaviors during the relevant school transition. The sample consisted of 122 students (55% female). We employed a self-report questionnaire to collect information on: demographic characteristics, quality of the relationship with teachers, problem and prosocial behaviors, and academic achievement. Students filled in the questionnaires twice: once during the 8th grade and 1 year later, during their first year of high school (9th grade). Regression analyses indicated that both average and varying levels of closeness with teachers significantly predicted changes in academic achievement: A perceived increase in closeness in 9th grade, as well as a higher mean closeness level, was associated with an increase in academic achievement. In turn, an increase in the level of perceived conflict with teachers significantly predicted an increase in conduct problems and hyperactive behaviors. This study supports the significance of student-teacher relationships as a protective factor during students' transition to high-school. Our findings also highlight the importance of relationship quality in preventing students' risk of school failure

An Open Source LMS Vision and Development. The Development of Innovative Web Technologies for E-Learning: The eLearning Portal Project

The aim of the project is the development of an innovative, Open Source-based eLearning portal, which provides high scalability and versatility, as well as it is easy to upgrade; it aims at meeting some changeable requirement in the field of distance learning (yearly or even monthly innovation). The modular structure and flexibility provided by the portal makes this system adaptable to any kind of educational and/or academic situation, allowing also the development in step with innovative and specific Web Technologies. The project has been developed thanks to the experience obtained in managing a postgraduate specialization course promoted by University of Bari (www.comedudida.org) and it keeps developing as suitable tools for proper online formation are designed. This experience has been studied inside the OSEL research project by University of Bari (www.osel.it)

An Open Source LMS Vision and Development. The Development of Innovative Web Technologies for E-Learning: The eLearning Portal Project

The aim of the project is the development of an innovative, Open Source-based eLearning portal, which provides high scalability and versatility, as well as it is easy to upgrade; it aims at meeting some changeable requirement in the field of distance learning (yearly or even monthly innovation). The modular structure and flexibility provided by the portal makes this system adaptable to any kind of educational and/or academic situation, allowing also the development in step with innovative and specific Web Technologies. The project has been developed thanks to the experience obtained in managing a postgraduate specialization course promoted by University of Bari (www.comedudida.ora) and it keeps developing as suitable tools for proper online formation are designed. This experience has been studied inside the OSEL research project by University of Bari (www.osel.it)

Placing Multiple Tests on a Common Scale Using a Post-test Anchor Design: Effects of Item Position and Order on the Stability of Parameter Estimates

When there is an interest in tracking longitudinal trends of student educational achievement using standardized tests, the most common linking approach generally involves the inclusion of a common set of items across adjacent test administrations. However, this approach may not be feasible in the context of high-stakes testing due to undesirable exposure of administered items. In this paper, we propose an alternative design, which allows for the equating of multiple operational tests with no items in common based on the inclusion of common items in an anchor test administered in a post-test condition. We tested this approach using data from the assessment program implemented in Italy by the National Institute for the Educational Evaluation of Instruction and Training for the years 2010–2012, and from a convenience sample of 832 8th grade students. Additionally, we investigated the impact on functioning of common items of varying item position and orders across test forms. Linking of tests was performed using multiple-group Item Response Theory modeling. Results of linking indicated that operational tests showed little variation in difficulty over the years. Investigation of item position and order effects showed that changes in item position closer to the end of the test, as well as the positioning of difficult items at the beginning or in the middle section of a test lead to a significant increase in difficulty of common items. Overall, findings indicate that this approach represents a viable linking design, which can be useful when the inclusion of common items across operational tests is not possible. The impact of differential item functioning of common items on equating error and the ability to detect ability trends is discussed

From Their Point of View: Identifying Socio-Behavioral Profiles of Primary School Pupils Based on Peer Group Perception

Our study adopted a person-based approach with the aim to identify socio-behavioral profiles of primary school students based on peer group perception. The study involved 109 classes and their teachers, from the first three grades of elementary school. The final student sample consisted of 424 children, aged 6–9 years (M = 94.9 months; SD = 9.7), of whom 58.3% were male. We used peer-group nomination to investigate the aspects that are linked to peer group acceptance and perception of classroom behaviors, with reference to academic and relational criteria. We identified and defined six clusters. We validated these clusters by taking into consideration the children’s academic performances and the teacher’s perceptions of their relationship with the single students. The identified clusters were related to both of these aspects, and they show predictive value when referring to children’s behaviors as evaluated by their teachers. Implications for theory and educational policies are discussed

Exploring the Dimensional Structure of Bullying Victimization Among Primary and Lower-Secondary School Students: Is One Factor Enough, or Do We Need More?

In adolescence, bullying victimization is typically represented in terms of a three-fold factor structure reflecting three components of verbal, physical, and social victimization. Recent studies have suggested the usefulness of alternativte models including both general and component-specific factors. In this study, we assessed the empirical and theoretical validity of an instrument assessing verbal, physical and social victimization using a set of alternative models of victimization: a unidimensional model, a three-factor model, and a bifactor model. Association between emerging factors and student variables were explored to establish theoretical fit of the models. Sample consisted of upper primary and lower secondary school students [N = 1311; 53% Male; Mean age (SD) = 10.73 (1.45)] and their teachers. The three factor and bifactor models showed good fit. In spite of acceptable fit, the unidimensional model showed lower empirical support when compared with the other models. The dimensions of the three-factor model showed similar associations with most student variables, while the bifactor showed more heterogeneous, and theoretically coherent associations. General victimization decreased with age and was positively related with externalizing and internalizing symptoms, student–teacher conflict and negative expectations. Verbal victimization showed increased prevalence among girls and older students. Physical victimization showed increased prevalence among boys and younger students, and positive associations with externalizing symptoms and student–teacher conflict. Social victimization was more frequent among girls, and positively related with internalizing symptoms and negative expectations toward teachers. These findings highlight the usefulness of modeling victimization using both general and form-specific dimensions for both assessment and theory-building purposes