Комбинированный почвообрабатывающий агрегат для основной и предпосевной обработки почвы

One of modern methods of soil cultivation at reclamation of neglected field is layer-by-layer loosening of the top horizon by various working tools. Combined units have no removable tools. They are used not effectively both for primary cultivation and secondary tillage, and for reclamation of neglected field. This situation limits a scope of machines and reduces their annual loading. A combined unit for operations overlapping at presowing tillage have two-disk sections of frontal harrows, replaceable loosening working tools of subsurface plow and chisel type and replaceable tubular and toothed rollers. The authors developed agrotechnical requirements of design data of replaceable suspensions of disk sections, duckfoot sweeps and rollers. A placement of working tools on a universal frame provides an opportunity to have15 options of the unit for various agrotechnical and soil climatic conditions. A level of innovative development soil-cultivating the disk and duckfoot units is high, tools rather reliable and universal. Such machines operate different options of the primary and secondary soil cultivation for one pass, replace 4 one-operational machines. The mulch tillage by disk and duckfoot units replaces 2-4 passes of machine-tractor aggregates, saves 2-5 kg/ha of diesel fuel and 0.3 man-hours /ha of labor costs, productivity of winter and spring grain crops increases by 0.3 t/ha.Один из современных приемов обработки почвы при освоении залежей - послойное рыхление верхнего горизонта различными рабочими органами. Определили, что комбинированные агрегаты не имеют сменных рабочих органов и не могут эффективно использоваться как для основной и предпосевной обработки почвы, так и для освоения залежных почв, что ограничивает область применения машин и уменьшает их годовую загрузку. Создали комбинированный агрегат для совмещения операций предпосевной подготовки почвы с использованием двухдисковых секций фронтальных борон, сменных рыхлительных рабочих органов плоскорежущего и чизельного типа и сменных прикатывающих катков с трубчатыми и зубчатыми барабанами. Разработали агротехнические требования конструктивных параметров сменных подвесок дисковых секций, стрельчатых лап и катков. Определили, что размещение рабочих органов на универсальной раме позволяет получить 15 вариантов агрегата для различных агротехнических и почвенно-климатических условий. Установили, что уровень инновационной разработки почвообрабатывающих дисколаповых агрегатов (АДЛ) высокий, орудия достаточно надежные и универсальные. Такие машины способны за один проход выполнять разные варианты основной и предпосевной обработки почвы, заменяют 4 однооперационные машины. Мульчирующая обработка почвы агрегатами АДЛ заменяет 2-4 прохода МТА, экономит 2-5 кг/га дизельного топлива и на 0,3 чел.•ч/га трудозатрат, повышается урожайность озимых и яровых до 3 ц/га

Автоматизированная линия для послеуборочной обработки корнеплодов и картофеля

In the process of post-harvest processing of root crops and potatoes in Russia, mechanical sortings of various types are used, which allows to separate the material according to the size criterion and removing impurities. The main requirement for this equipment is to ensure the quality and reliability of technological processes for the impurities separation and the root crops separation into fractions with minimal damage. (Research purpose) To improve the quality of potato tubers sorting using an automated line for post-harvest processing of root crops and potatoes, which allows to reduce their damage and ensure high accuracy of separation into fractions by size. (Materials and methods) The authors studied the automated process of root crops post-harvest processing. They developed approaches and basic technical, technological and constructive solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of root crops and potatoes post-harvest processing. To automate the root crops and potatoes processing, the authors installed the universal web camera Logitech HD Pro C920. They created a basic block diagram of the electronic line system operation. (Results and discussion) The authors clarified the size and mass characteristics of potato tubers with a total weight of 38 356 grams of Nevsky variety of the 2019 harvest and their shape coefficient. They developed design documentation. An experimental line was prepared for potato tubers post-harvest sorting with an original circuit diagram of the electronic system operation. The authors substantiated its design and operational-technological parameters. Practical studies of the automated line work were carried out in the Ryazan region on the basis of the Institute of Seed Production and Agrotechnologies – a branch of the Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM. (Conclusions) The authors determined that the developed automated line for root crops and potatoes post-harvest sorting thanks to digital technologies reduced labor costs by eliminating manual sorting, as well as improving the quality of potato tubers and the accuracy of sorting by size to 95-98 percent. It was revealed that damage to potato tubers did not exceed one percent.В процессе послеуборочной обработки корнеплодов и картофеля в России применяют механические сортировки различных типов, позволяющие разделять материал по размерному признаку и отводить примеси. Основное требование к этому оборудованию – обеспечение качества и надежности выполнения технологических процессов выделения примесей и разделение корнеклубнеплодов на фракции при минимальном повреждении. (Цель исследования) Повысить качество сортирования клубней картофеля с помощью автоматизированной линии для послеуборочной обработки корнеплодов и картофеля, позволяющей снизить их повреждения и обеспечить высокую точность разделения на фракции по размерному признаку. (Материалы и методы) Изучили автоматизированный процесс послеуборочной обработки корнеклубнеплодов. Разработали подходы и основные технико-технологические и конструктивные решения, направленные на повышение эффективности послеуборочной обработки корнеплодов и картофеля. Для автоматизации процесса обработки корнеплодов и картофеля установили универсальную вeб-камеру Logitech HD Pro C920. Создали принципиальную блок-схему функционирования электронной системы линии. (Результаты и обсуждение) Уточнили размерно-массовые характеристики клубней картофеля общей массой 38 356 граммов сорта Невский урожая 2019 года и коэффициент их формы. Разработали конструкторскую документацию. Изготовили экспериментальную линию для послеуборочного сортирования клубней картофеля с оригинальной принципиальной блок-схемой функционирования электронной системы. Обосновали ее конструктивные и режимно-технологические параметры. Практические исследования работы автоматизированной линии провели в Рязанской области на базе Института семеноводства и агротехнологий – филиала Федерального научного агроинженерного центра ВИМ. (Выводы) Определили, что разработанная автоматизированная линия для послеуборочного сортирования корнеплодов и картофеля благодаря цифровым технологиям позволяет снизить трудозатраты, исключив ручную сортировку, а также повысить качество клубней картофеля и точность их сортирования по размерному признаку до 95-98 процентов. Выявили, что повреждение клубней картофеля не превышает одного процента

Исследование сепарирующей системы с использованием теплоты отработавших газов двигателя свеклоуборочного комбайна

It was noted that increased soil moisture worsens the quality of harvesting root crops due to a decrease in the completeness of separation. To increase the separating capacity of a slotted cleaner for root crops, it was proposed to improve the heating of the separating surface with hot exhaust gas. (Research purpose) To optimize the design and technological parameters of an exhaust gas heat separation system of the sugar beet harvester power plant. (Materials and methods) Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM developed an exhaust gas heat separation system for harvesting root crops and potatoes in high moisture conditions using the heat of the harvester power plant exhaust gases. The cleaning quality of the separating system of a self-propelled sugar beet harvester was determined under the gradual engine load from 0 to 100 percent of the nominal rated power. The temperature of the exhaust gases was measured with the assumption of changes in the engine load and its effective power. (Results and discussion) The experiment revealed an increase in the completeness of the separation of a root crops heap from 96.0 to 98.8 percent at 26-32 percent soil moisture due to the separation system in the form of a cleaning star, which uses the heat of the engine exhaust gases. The established optimal values of the factors under consideration are as follows: the separating star rotation rate is 21.8 revolutions per minute, the distance between the separating star and the deflector is 128.4 millimeters. (Conclusions) It was determined that the high quality of the technological process of root crops harvesting in high soil moisture conditions ensuring a 97-percent separation efficiency is possible if optimize the separating device design and technological parameters and maintain the separating star rotation rate at 20-22 revolutions per minute and the distance between the separating star and the deflector within 120-140 millimeters. The authors noted the prospects of developing this system and the need for theoretical and experimental studies to improve the design and technological process of the harvester separating system.Отметили, что повышенная влажность почвы ухудшает качество уборки корнеплодов из-за снижения полноты сепарации. Чтобы повысить сепарирующую способность щелевых устройств для очистки корнеплодов, предложили усовершенствовать обогрев сепарирующей поверхности горячим выхлопным газом. (Цель исследований) Оптимизировать конструктивно-технологические параметры сепарирующего устройства с использованием теплоты отработавших газов силовой установки машины для уборки сахарной свеклы. (Материалы и методы) В Федеральном научном агроинженерном центре ВИМ разработали сепарирующую систему машины для уборки корнеплодов и картофеля в условиях повышенной влажности с использованием теплоты отработавших газов силовой установки. Качество очистки сепарирующей системы самоходного комбайна для уборки сахарной свеклы определяли при последовательном нагружении двигателя от 0 до 100 процентов номинальной мощности. Измеряли температуру отработавших газов с учетом изменения нагрузки двигателя и его эффективной мощности. (Результаты и обсуждение) Выявили повышение полноты сепарации вороха корнеплодов с 96,0 до 98,8 процентов при 26-32-процентной влажности почвы благодаря сепарирующей системе в виде очистительной звезды, где используется теплота отработавших газов двигателя. Установили оптимальные значения рассматриваемых факторов: частота вращения сепарирующей звезды 21,8 оборота в минуту, расстояние между сепарирующей звездой и дефлектором – 128,4 миллиметра. (Выводы) Определили, что качественное выполнение технологического процесса уборки корнеплодов в условиях повышенной влажности почвы с полнотой сепарации 97 процентов возможно при оптимизации конструктивно-технологических параметров сепарирующего устройства: при частоте вращения сепарирующей звезды 20-22 оборотов в минуту и расстоянии между сепарирующей звездой и дефлектором 120-140 миллиметров. Отметили перспективность разработки данной системы и необходимость теоретических и экспериментальных исследований по совершенствованию конструкции и технологического процесса работы сепарирующей системы уборочных машин

Tilthmaker for once-over soil tillage

One of modern methods of soil cultivation at reclamation of neglected field is layer-by-layer loosening of the top horizon by various working tools. Combined units have no removable tools. They are used not effectively both for primary cultivation and secondary tillage, and for reclamation of neglected field. This situation limits a scope of machines and reduces their annual loading. A combined unit for operations overlapping at presowing tillage have two-disk sections of frontal harrows, replaceable loosening working tools of subsurface plow and chisel type and replaceable tubular and toothed rollers. The authors developed agrotechnical requirements of design data of replaceable suspensions of disk sections, duckfoot sweeps and rollers. A placement of working tools on a universal frame provides an opportunity to have15 options of the unit for various agrotechnical and soil climatic conditions. A level of innovative development soil-cultivating the disk and duckfoot units is high, tools rather reliable and universal. Such machines operate different options of the primary and secondary soil cultivation for one pass, replace 4 one-operational machines. The mulch tillage by disk and duckfoot units replaces 2-4 passes of machine-tractor aggregates, saves 2-5 kg/ha of diesel fuel and 0.3 man-hours /ha of labor costs, productivity of winter and spring grain crops increases by 0.3 t/ha

Results of research on the intensification of the process of cleaning potato tubers by ultrasonic action and their subsequent storage

The data on the gross harvest of tubers in the Russian Federation are given: approximately 71% of potatoes are produced by the population, 17.4% by agricultural enterprises and 11.5% by farms. It is noted that in the industrial production of potatoes, negative impacts on the soil are associated with crushing and removal of the fertile soil layer, which arise in the process of extracting root crops by the digging and separating working bodies of the harvesting machines. It is proposed to use ultrasonic action on root crops for cleaning them from soil impurities. It was determined that in order to intensify the process of cleaning tubers by ultrasonic action during harvesting, it is necessary to provide operating and technological parameters (frequency of ultrasound oscillations f1 = 48 kHz, vibration intensity S = 42 W/cm², exposure time t = 90 s) of ultrasonic equipment, which will ensure the completeness purification is not less than 84.7%.The results of comparative studies on the intensification of the cleaning of potato tubers allow us to conclude that, regardless of the mass and type of pollution, the greatest positive effect of ultrasonic exposure is observed when processing tubers, the completeness of cleaning of which is on average 13-20% higher

Automated Line for Post-Harvest Processing of Root Crops and Potatoes

In the process of post-harvest processing of root crops and potatoes in Russia, mechanical sortings of various types are used, which allows to separate the material according to the size criterion and removing impurities. The main requirement for this equipment is to ensure the quality and reliability of technological processes for the impurities separation and the root crops separation into fractions with minimal damage. (Research purpose) To improve the quality of potato tubers sorting using an automated line for post-harvest processing of root crops and potatoes, which allows to reduce their damage and ensure high accuracy of separation into fractions by size. (Materials and methods) The authors studied the automated process of root crops post-harvest processing. They developed approaches and basic technical, technological and constructive solutions aimed at improving the efficiency of root crops and potatoes post-harvest processing. To automate the root crops and potatoes processing, the authors installed the universal web camera Logitech HD Pro C920. They created a basic block diagram of the electronic line system operation. (Results and discussion) The authors clarified the size and mass characteristics of potato tubers with a total weight of 38 356 grams of Nevsky variety of the 2019 harvest and their shape coefficient. They developed design documentation. An experimental line was prepared for potato tubers post-harvest sorting with an original circuit diagram of the electronic system operation. The authors substantiated its design and operational-technological parameters. Practical studies of the automated line work were carried out in the Ryazan region on the basis of the Institute of Seed Production and Agrotechnologies – a branch of the Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM. (Conclusions) The authors determined that the developed automated line for root crops and potatoes post-harvest sorting thanks to digital technologies reduced labor costs by eliminating manual sorting, as well as improving the quality of potato tubers and the accuracy of sorting by size to 95-98 percent. It was revealed that damage to potato tubers did not exceed one percent

Development and Modeling of an Onion Harvester with an Automated Separation System

One of the most important problems during the implementation of any technology is to reduce labor costs, energy, and resource conservation while increasing the yield of cultivated crops and, as a result, reducing the cost of production. Despite a significant amount of scientific research devoted to the problem of energy and resource conservation in the cultivation and harvesting of agricultural crops and the development of mechanization tools that ensure the high-quality performance of technological operations, there remain issues that have not been fully resolved to date. In addition, not all the results of known theoretical and experimental studies can be directly applied to intensify the process of harvesting root crops since the quality indicators of marketable products depend on the type and technological parameters of the separating working bodies. This article presents the design of a rod elevator with an adjustable angle of inclination of the web, which reduces damage to commercial products of root crops and bulbs with maximum completeness of separation. A laboratory facility has been developed to substantiate the design and technological parameters of a separating system with an adjustable web inclination angle. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies, a machine for harvesting onions with an adjustable blade inclination angle has been developed, which provides an increase in the quality indicators of onion harvesting at optimal values of the parameters: (1) translational speed of movement of the rod elevator with an adjustable web inclination angle of 1.7 m/s with a 98.4% completeness of separation and 1.7% damage to the bulbs; (2) translational speed of the movement of the machine for harvesting root crops and onions 1.0 m/s with a 98.5% separation completeness and 1.1% damage to the bulbs; (3) digging depth of the digging plowshare equal to 0.02 m, with an onion heap separation completeness of more than 98% and product damage of less than 1.4%. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of a rod elevator to substantiate the design and technological parameters during its interaction with a heap of onion are presented. Basic design and technological parameters of the studied rod elevator are substantiated, namely, the distance S1 of the movement of the rod of the actuators, the angle a1 of the longitudinal inclination of the surface of the rod elevator relative to the horizon, and differential equations of motion of the onion-sowing pile element on the surface of the rod elevator with an adjustable angle of inclination of the web

Development and Modeling of an Onion Harvester with an Automated Separation System

One of the most important problems during the implementation of any technology is to reduce labor costs, energy, and resource conservation while increasing the yield of cultivated crops and, as a result, reducing the cost of production. Despite a significant amount of scientific research devoted to the problem of energy and resource conservation in the cultivation and harvesting of agricultural crops and the development of mechanization tools that ensure the high-quality performance of technological operations, there remain issues that have not been fully resolved to date. In addition, not all the results of known theoretical and experimental studies can be directly applied to intensify the process of harvesting root crops since the quality indicators of marketable products depend on the type and technological parameters of the separating working bodies. This article presents the design of a rod elevator with an adjustable angle of inclination of the web, which reduces damage to commercial products of root crops and bulbs with maximum completeness of separation. A laboratory facility has been developed to substantiate the design and technological parameters of a separating system with an adjustable web inclination angle. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies, a machine for harvesting onions with an adjustable blade inclination angle has been developed, which provides an increase in the quality indicators of onion harvesting at optimal values of the parameters: (1) translational speed of movement of the rod elevator with an adjustable web inclination angle of 1.7 m/s with a 98.4% completeness of separation and 1.7% damage to the bulbs; (2) translational speed of the movement of the machine for harvesting root crops and onions 1.0 m/s with a 98.5% separation completeness and 1.1% damage to the bulbs; (3) digging depth of the digging plowshare equal to 0.02 m, with an onion heap separation completeness of more than 98% and product damage of less than 1.4%. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of a rod elevator to substantiate the design and technological parameters during its interaction with a heap of onion are presented. Basic design and technological parameters of the studied rod elevator are substantiated, namely, the distance S1 of the movement of the rod of the actuators, the angle a1 of the longitudinal inclination of the surface of the rod elevator relative to the horizon, and differential equations of motion of the onion-sowing pile element on the surface of the rod elevator with an adjustable angle of inclination of the web