Perinatal nutrient restriction reduces nephron endowment increasing renal morbidity in adulthood: A review

Perinatal malnutrition has been included among the causes of renal disease in adulthood. Here, we consider the relationships between early supply of specific nutrients (such as protein, fat, vitamins and electrolytes) and renal endowment. Prenatal and postnatal nutrition mismatch is also discussed. In addition, this article presents the role of nutrition of both mothers and pre-term infants on nephron endowment, with final practical considerations. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved

Awareness of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children with Down Syndrome

Patients with DS have many predisposing factors for developing OSAS, including obesity, midfacial hypoplasia, an abnormally small upper airway with superficially positioned tonsils and relative tonsillar and adenoidal encroachmen

Thromboembolism in childhood nephrotic syndrome: a rare but serious complication

The main clinical features of nephrotic syndrome (NS) are heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia and edema. In addition, multiple abnormalities in the coagulation pathway may be a consequence of the NS. Both arterial and venous thromboembolic complications (TEC) are relatively common and serious consequences of NS. In addition, arterial and venous thrombosis might be unexpected events during an exacerbation of NS. Embolic episodes may manifest in different regions of the body such as the brain or the lung. Hence, predisposing factors, personal and family history of TEC, thrombosis location and evolution should be always investigated in children with NS

Stem/progenitor cells in fetuses and newborns: overview of immunohistochemical markers

Microanatomy of the vast majority of human organs at birth is characterized by marked differences as compared to adult organs, regarding their architecture and the cell types detectable at histology. In preterm neonates, these differences are even more evident, due to the lower level of organ maturation and to ongoing cell differentiation. One of the most remarkable finding in preterm tissues is the presence of huge amounts of stem/progenitor cells in multiple organs, including kidney, brain, heart, adrenals, and lungs. In other organs, such as liver, the completely different burden of cell types in preterm infants is mainly related to the different function of the liver during gestation, mainly focused on hematopoiesis, a function that is taken by bone marrow after birth. Our preliminary studies showed that the antigens expressed by stem/progenitors differ significantly from one organ to the next. Moreover, within each developing human tissue, reactivity for different stem cell markers also changes during gestation, according with the multiple differentiation steps encountered by each progenitor during development. A better knowledge of stem/progenitor cells of preterms will allow neonatologists to boost preterm organ maturation, favoring the differentiation of the multiple cells types that characterize each organ in at term neonates

Alert for upper airway stenosis in a child with fixed obstructive airways pattern at spirometry

gan et al. [1] reported an interesting case of 40-year- old female affected by Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) that developed a Subglottic Stenosis (SS) in the remission period. Patient reported hoarseness and developed stridor. Laryngoscopy con rmed constriction in the subglottic region. Although life-threatening and plays an important role in morbidity, patients may show progressive Subglottic Stenosis (SS) even in the remission period. Authors argue that it can be the rst and only symptom of the SS disease despite being very rare

Cluster Analysis of Home Polygraphic Recordings in Symptomatic Habitually-Snoring Children: A Precision Medicine Perspective

(1) Background: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a frequent problem in children. Cluster analyses offer the possibility of identifying homogeneous groups within a large clinical database. The application of cluster analysis to anthropometric and polysomnographic measures in snoring children would enable the detection of distinctive clinically-relevant phenotypes; (2) Methods: We retrospectively collected the results of nocturnal home-based cardiorespiratory polygraphic recordings and anthropometric measurements in 326 habitually-snoring otherwise healthy children. K-medoids clustering was applied to standardized respiratory and anthropometric measures, followed by Silhouette-based statistics. Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI) and oxygen desaturation index (<= 3%) were included in determining the optimal number of clusters; (3) Results: Mean age of subjects was 8.1 +/- 4.1 years, and 57% were males. Cluster analyses uncovered an optimal number of three clusters. Cluster 1 comprised 59.5% of the cohort (mean age 8.69 +/- 4.14 years) with a mean RDI of 3.71 +/- 3.23 events/hour of estimated sleep (e/ehSleep). Cluster 2 included 28.5% of the children (mean age 6.92 +/- 3.43 years) with an RDI of 6.38 +/- 3.92 e/ehSleep. Cluster 3 included 12% of the cohort (mean age 7.58 +/- 4.73 years) with a mean RDI of 25.5 +/- 19.4 e/ehSleep. Weight z-score was significantly lower in cluster 3 [-0.14 +/- 1.65] than in cluster 2 [0.86 +/- 1.78; p = 0.015] and cluster 1 [1.04 +/- 1.78; p = 0.002]. Similar findings emerged for BMI z scores. However, the height z-score was not significantly different among the 3 clusters; (4) Conclusions: Cluster analysis of children who are symptomatic habitual snorers and are referred for clinical polygraphic evaluation identified three major clusters that differed in age, RDI, and anthropometric measures. An increased number of children in the cluster with the highest RDI had reduced body weight. We propose that the implementation of these approaches to a multicenter-derived database of home-based polygraphic recordings may enable the delineation of objective unbiased severity categories of pediatric SDB. Our findings could be useful for clinical implementation, formulation of therapeutic decision guidelines, clinical management, prevision of complications, and long-term follow-up

Urinary tract infection in the newborn and the infant: state of the art

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common causes of infection in newborns. Obtaining a urinary tract infections (UTIs) diagnosis just on the basis of the clinical findings is frequently difficult, however, being the pediatrician's goal to reduce the risk of renal scarring, a prompt diagnosis and treatment is of extreme importance. The key instrument for the diagnosis of UTIs is represented today by urine culture. However, in reality, the caregivers and investigators are increasingly demanding fast and cheap methods for a rapid and effective diagnosis

Evidence-based treatment limitations prevent any therapeutic recommendation for acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in children

The majority of children with the epidemic form of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) have an excellent prognosis, which contrasts with the poor long-term outcome of sporadic cases. Therapy is largely supportive. Rarely, the disease shows long-term complications, worsening to chronic kidney disease requiring long-term interventional measures. To compare the effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of APSGN in childhood, the authors reviewed randomized controlled trials on the prevention and treatment of APSGN in children. Nine studies fit the inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes were the development of APSGN, the effectiveness of medication for controlling hypertension, and the development of chronic renal failure in patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis. No advantages of antimicrobials (cefuroxim, ceftibuten, and others) given for 5 days were found over penicillin V given for 10 days (4 trials). Nifedipine showed advantages in controlled acute hypertension (1 trial). ACE inhibitors (captopril and enalapril) had better control of blood pressure and echocardiographic changes than other antihypertensive drugs/diuretics (2 trials). The use of combined immunosuppressants for crescentic poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis showed no advantages over supportive therapy alone (1 study). The studies were of small number and with limitations that seriously weaken the results

Evidence-based treatment limitations prevent any therapeutic recommendation for acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis in children

The majority of children with the epidemic form of acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN) have an excellent prognosis, which contrasts with the poor long-term outcome of sporadic cases. Therapy is largely supportive. Rarely, the disease shows long-term complications, worsening to chronic kidney disease requiring long-term interventional measures. To compare the effectiveness of different therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of APSGN in childhood, the authors reviewed randomized controlled trials on the prevention and treatment of APSGN in children. Nine studies fit the inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes were the development of APSGN, the effectiveness of medication for controlling hypertension, and the development of chronic renal failure in patients with crescentic glomerulonephritis. No advantages of antimicrobials (cefuroxim, ceftibuten, and others) given for 5 days were found over penicillin V given for 10 days (4 trials). Nifedipine showed advantages in controlled acute hypertension (1 trial). ACE inhibitors (captopril and enalapril) had better control of blood pressure and echocardiographic changes than other antihypertensive drugs/diuretics (2 trials). The use of combined immunosuppressants for crescentic poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis showed no advantages over supportive therapy alone (1 study). The studies were of small number and with limitations that seriously weaken the results

Application of latent class analysis in assessing the awareness, attitude, practice and satisfaction of paediatricians on sleep disorder management in children in Italy.

AIM: To identify subgroups regarding paediatricians' awareness, attitude, practice and satisfaction about management of Sleep-Disordered Breathing (SDB) in Italy using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a large sample of Italian paediatricians. Using a self-administered questionnaire, the study collected information on 420 Paediatric Hospital Paediatricians (PHPs) and 594 Family Care Paediatricians (FCPs). LCA was used to discover underlying response patterns, thus allowing identification of respondent groups with similar awareness, attitude, practice and satisfaction. A logistic regression model was used to investigate which independent variables influenced latent class membership. Analyses were performed using R 3.5.2 software. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Two classes were identified: Class 1 (n = 368, 36.29%) "Untrained and poorly satisfied" and Class 2 (n = 646, 63.71%) "Trained and satisfied." Involving paediatric pneumologists or otorhinolaryngologists in clinical practice was associated with an increased probability of Class 2 membership (OR = 5.88, 95%CI [2.94-13.19]; OR = 15.95, 95% CI [10.92-23.81] respectively). Examining more than 20 children with SDB during the last month decreased the probability of Class 2 membership (OR = 0.29, 95% CI [0.14-0.61]). FCPs showed a higher probability of Class 2 membership than PHPs (OR = 4.64, 95% CI [3.31-6.55]). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the LCA approach can provide important information on how education and training could be tailored for different subgroups of paediatricians. In Italy standardized educational interventions improving paediatricians' screening of SDB are needed in order to guarantee efficient management of children with SDB and reduce the burden of disease