Model-independent constraints on the shape parameters of dilepton angular distributions

The coefficients determining the dilepton decay angular distribution of vector particles obey certain positivity constraints and a rotation-invariant identity. These relations are a direct consequence of the covariance properties of angular momentum eigenstates and are independent of the production mechanism. The Lam-Tung relation can be derived as a particular case, simply recognizing that the Drell-Yan dilepton is always produced transversely polarized with respect to one or more quantization axes. The dilepton angular distribution continues to be characterized by a frame-independent identity also when the Lam-Tung relation is violated. Moreover, the violation can be easily characterized by measuring a one-dimensional distribution depending on one shape coefficient.Comment: 7 page

La “Cruzada europea contra el bolchevismo”: Mito y realidad

The article bridges a transnational overview on the participation of Germany’s allied forces in the German- Soviet war of 1941-45, including both the troops sent by the Third Reich’s Allies that declared war on the Soviet Union and the diverse units of volunteers recruited by the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS from all over Europe, under the influence of the propaganda campaign that depicted the war as an European Crusade against Bolshevism. The experience of the Spanish Volunteers’ Division or Blue Division is finally framed within this context.El artículo aborda una visión transnacional de la participación de tropas aliadas de los alemanes durante la guerra germano-soviética de 1941-45, tratando tanto los contingentes enviados por los Estados beligerantes contra la URSS como los muy diversos grupos de voluntarios de Europa Occidental, Nórdica y Oriental que ayudaron al esfuerzo de guerra alemán en las filas de la Wehrmacht y las Waffen SS, al amparo de la campaña propagandística que presentaba la guerra como una Cruzada Europea contra el bolchevismo, y asimismo se encuadra la experiencia de la División Española de Voluntarios o División Azul dentro de ese contexto

¿Protodiplomacia exterior o ilusiones ópticas? : el nacionalismo vasco, el contexto internacional y el Congreso de Nacionalidades Europeas (1914-1937)

El artículo analiza la actividad protodiplomática puesta en práctica por el movimiento nacionalista vasco desde el comienzo de la I Guerra Mundial hasta la Guerra Civil, destacando el juego entre imágenes y realidades. Aunque la proyección internacional del nacionalismo vasco fue bastante limitada en comparación con la desarrollada por el nacionalismo catalán en la misma época, aquél también sufrió la fuerte influencia de la difusión del principio de las nacionalidades durante la Gran Guerra, lo que determinó los primeros contactos a nivel internacional (la participación de delegados de la CNV en la Unión des Nationalités). Sin embargo, el nacionalismo vasco apenas prestó atención tras 1918 a las "nuevas esperanzas" alimentadas por la formación del sistema de protección de minorías de la Sociedad de Naciones, y solamente a fines de la década de los 20 los nacionalistas vascos comenzaron a participar más activamente con la organización de minorías nacionales más importante al nivel europeo, el Congreso de Nacionalidades Europeas. Después de 1930, el reunificado PNV concentró mayores esfuerzos a la "protodiplomacia exterior", en conjunción con la evolución de la política interior (las vicisitudes de la lucha por el Estatuto de autonomía, la formación de la alianza Galeuzca, etc.) No obstante, la concepción inalterable mantenida por los líderes del PNV de Euskadi como una nación y no como una minoría nacional hizo muy difícil el llegar a un entendimiento eficaz con el Congreso de Nacionalidades Europeas. El espejismo había sido más fuerte que la realidadArtikulu honetan euskal mugimendu abertzaleak praktikan jarri zuen iharduena protodiplomatikoa aztertzen da, kontuan hartzen den aldiari dagokionez. Haren nazioarteko proiezkzioa aski mugatua izan bazen ere, nazionalitateen printzipioaren hedapenaren eragina jasan zuen Gerra Handiaren garaian. Hala ere, euskal nazionalismoak ez zituen apenas kontuan hartu 1918. urtearen ondoren Nazioen Elkarteak herri txikien babeserako eraturiko sistema hark sortu zituen "esperantza berriak", eta 20.eko hamarraldiaren amaieran bakarrik hasi ziren euskal nazionaliztak Europako Nazionalitateen Kongresuan esku hartzen modu eraginkorragoan 1930etik aurrera, berriro baturiko EAJk ahalegin gehiago eskaini zizkion "kanpokin protodiplomazia" hari, euskal eta espainiar barne politikaren bilakabidearen araberaThe pape analises the protodiplomatic activity carried out by the Basque Nationalist movement from the outbreak of World War I to the Spanish Civil War, focusing on the interplay of images and realities. Although the international activity of Basque nationalists remained somewhat limited in comparison with that developed by Catalan nationalists, the former also experienced the strong influence of the diffusion of the nationality principle during the Great War, which determined the first contacts at the international level (and so CNV's delegates took part at the activities of the Union des Nationalités). After 1918, however, Basque nationalism hardly payed any attention to the new hopes raised by the formation of the League of Nations' system of protection of minorities, and it was only by the end of the 20's when the Basque nationalists began to collaborate with the most important nationalities' organisation at the European level, the Congress of European Nationalities. After 1930, the reunified PNV devoted great efforts to the external protodiplomacy of Basque nationalism, and this fact was related to the internal political evolution of Basque and Spanish politics (the fight for Home-Rule, the formation of the Galeuzca alliance, etc.)however, the self-image held of PNV's leaders of Euskadi being a Nation instead of merely a national minority clearly hindered any clear uderstanding with the Congress of European Nationalities. Once again, the wishful thinking was stronger than realit

Good Invaders? The Occupation Policy of the Spanish Blue Division in Northwestern Russia, 1941-1944

Between 1941 and 1944, the Spanish Division of Volunteers took part in the Russian campaign as a unit integrated in the German Wehrmacht. Post-1945 war memoirs and even some historians have suggested that the 'Blue' Division was exceptional for their benign treatment of civilians and prisoners, distanced from the German War of Extermination. This image has not been subjected to critical enquiry. To what degree were the Spanish troops different from other Wehrmacht troops? Was the collective behaviour of the Spanish soldiers determined by the circumstances they encountered at the front, or was it related to their prior political socialization

Russia and the Russians in the Eyes of the Spanish Blue Division soldiers, 1941-4

The Spanish Blue Division' has received significant historiographical and literary attention. Most research has focused on diplomacy and the role of the Division in fostering diplomatic relations between Spain and Germany during the Second World War. However, the everyday experience of Spanish soldiers on the Eastern Front, the occupation policy of the Blue Division and its role in the Nazi war of extermination remain largely unexplored. It is commonly held that the Spanish soldiers displayed more benign behaviour towards the civilian population than did the Germans. Although this tendency can generally be confirmed, Spanish soldiers were known for stealing, requisitioning and occasional acts of isolated violence;and also for the almost complete absence of collective, organized retaliation. Yet how did Spanish soldiers perceive the enemy, particularly Soviet civilians? To what degree did the better behaviour of Spanish occupying forces towards the civilian population reflect a different view of the enemy, which differed from that of most German soldiers

Idioma y nacionalismo en Galicia en el siglo XX: Un desencuentro histórico y algunos dilemas en el futuro.

Sin resume

Expansão de busca utilizando vocabulário controlado.

O objetivo dessa proposta é expandir as expressões de busca especificadas pelo usuário, de modo a abrir o leque de resultados, melhorando especialmente a cobertura destes, conferindo uma maior precisão nos resultados das buscas

Uma estratégia interativa para a expansão de expressões de busca utilizando vocabulário controlado.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se a evolução do sistema de busca da Agência de Informação Embrapa, a partir de uma estratégia interativa de expansão de expressões de busca. Embora a Agência prime pela oferta de informação altamente qualificada, seus usuários não utilizam todo esse potencial, por desconhecer seus detalhes. A estratégia proposta permite que o usuário especifique sua expressão de busca e o sistema sugira formas de expandi-la, deixando a escolha final para o usuário. Os experimentos realizados foram baseados em possibilidades automaticamente geradas e medidos de forma objetiva, considerando-se a precisão e a cobertura das buscas realizadas. Como esperado, os experimentos mostram que o uso de uma melhor qualificação das expressões permite obter resultados mais precisos e que a evolução da ferramenta atingiu seu objetivo.bitstream/item/56769/1/BolPesq30.pd

Simulation of Offshore Wind System with Three-Level Converters: HVDC Power Transmission in Cloud Scope

This paper is on a simulation for offshore wind systems in deep water under cloud scope. The system is equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator and a full-power three-level converter, converting the electric energy at variable frequency in one at constant frequency. The control strategies for the three-level are based on proportional integral controllers. The electric energy is injected through a HVDC transmission submarine cable into the grid. The drive train is modeled by a three-mass model taking into account the resistant stiffness torque, structure and tower in the deep water due to the moving surface elevation. Conclusions are taken on the influence of the moving surface on the energy conversion