16 research outputs found
Aldol Condensation of Cyclopentanone with Valeraldehyde Over Metal Oxides
Kinetics of the cross aldol condensation of valeraldehyde with
cyclopentanone was investigated in a batch reactor under atmospheric
pressure at 130 °C using heterogeneous metal modified oxides, such as
CeO2âMgO, FeOâMgO, FeOâCaO as well as pristine CaO as
catalysts. The catalysts were prepared either by evaporation
impregnation or deposition precipitation methods and characterized by
XRD, TEM, SEM, nitrogen adsorption, ammonia and CO2 TPD. The
results revealed that an optimum amount of strong basic sites gives the
highest ratio between cross condensation and self-condensation products
of valeraldehyde. The highest yield of the desired product
2-pentylidenecyclopentanone (66%) was obtained with FeOâMgO prepared by
the deposition precipitation methods.</p
Interactions between Iron and Nickel in FeâNi Nanoparticles on Y Zeolite for Co-Processing of Fossil Feedstock with Lignin-Derived Isoeugenol
A set of low-cost monometallic Fe, Ni, and bimetallic FeâNi bifunctional HâY-5.1 catalysts with different metal ratios were synthesized by sequential incipient wetness impregnation. The catalysts were characterized in detail by N physisorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with pyridine, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEMâSEM), magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The results revealed that introduction of Fe led to a decrease of strong acid sites and an increase of medium BrĂžnsted acid sites, while introduction of Ni increased the number of Lewis acid sites. The particle size of iron was approx. 5 nm, being ca. fourfold higher for nickel. XPS demonstrated higher iron content on the catalyst surface compared to nickel. Both Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic measurement confirmed the ferromagnetic behavior of all catalysts. In addition, the results from XRD, TEM, XPS, XAS, and magnetization suggested strong FeâNi nanoparticle interactions, which were supported by modeling of TPR profiles. Catalytic results of the co-processing of fossil feedstock with lignin-derived isoeugenol clearly showed that both product distribution and activity of FeâNi catalysts strongly depend on the metalsâ ratio and their interactions. Key properties affected by the FeâNi metal ratio, which played a positive role in co-processing, were a smaller medial metal nanoparticle size (<6 nm), a lower metalâacid site ratio, as well as presence in the catalyst of fcc FeNi alloy structure and fcc Ni doped with Fe
Synthesis and characterization of ceria-supported catalysts for carbon dioxide transformation to diethyl carbonate
Abstract
The support materials AlâOâ, SiOâ and TiOâ were modified with 16 wt% CeOâ, using two different preparation methods evaporation-impregnation and precipitation-deposition. The synthesized 16 wt% CeOâ-AlâOâ, 16 wt% CeOâ-SiOâ and 16 wt% CeOâ-TiOâ materials were characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction for the phase purity, scanning electron microscopy for the morphology, nitrogen physisorption to determine the specific surface area and X-ray photo electron spectroscopy for the oxidation state of the Ce in the TiOâ, AlâOâ and SiOâ matrices. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the particle size of CeOâ whereas COâ-temperature programmed desorption (TPD) was used to determine the basicity of ceria-modified TiOâ, AlâOâ and SiOâ catalysts. Furthermore, the catalytic performance of the as prepared CeOâ-modified catalysts were compared in the synthesis of diethyl carbonate starting from ethanol and COâ using butylene oxide as the dehydrating agent. The physico-chemical characterization results were correlated with the catalytic activity results and discussed in detail
Diffusion measurements of hydrocarbons in H-MCM-41 extrudates with pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Abstract
Mesoporous materials are promising catalysts for production of biofuels. Herein, H-MCM-41 catalysts with different concentrations of the silica Bindzil binder (10â50 wt%) were prepared and characterized using pulsed-field gradient (PFG) NMR in the powder form and as extrudates. Effective diffusion coefficients (De) are measured in all cases. Diffusivities of n-hexadecane were found smaller for extrudates as compared to the powder catalysts. The estimates of diffusive tortuosity were also determined. PFG NMR data showed one major component that reveals diffusion in interconnected meso- and micropores and one other minor component (1â2%) that may correspond to more isolated pores or may represent complex effects of restricted diffusion. Therefore, several approaches including initial slope analysis of spin-echo attenuation curves, two-component fitting and Laplace inversion were used to discuss different aspects of diffusional transport in the studied H-MCM-41 materials. Correlations between De and the amount of Bindzil, the specific surface area, the micropore volume, the particle size, the total acid sites and the Lewis acid sites are discussed
Interactions between Iron and Nickel in FeâNi Nanoparticles on Y Zeolite for Co-Processing of Fossil Feedstock with Lignin-Derived Isoeugenol
A set of low-cost monometallic Fe, Ni, and bimetallic FeâNi bifunctional HâY-5.1 catalysts with different metal ratios were synthesized by sequential incipient wetness impregnation. The catalysts were characterized in detail by N physisorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with pyridine, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEMâSEM), magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Mössbauer spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The results revealed that introduction of Fe led to a decrease of strong acid sites and an increase of medium BrĂžnsted acid sites, while introduction of Ni increased the number of Lewis acid sites. The particle size of iron was approx. 5 nm, being ca. fourfold higher for nickel. XPS demonstrated higher iron content on the catalyst surface compared to nickel. Both Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetic measurement confirmed the ferromagnetic behavior of all catalysts. In addition, the results from XRD, TEM, XPS, XAS, and magnetization suggested strong FeâNi nanoparticle interactions, which were supported by modeling of TPR profiles. Catalytic results of the co-processing of fossil feedstock with lignin-derived isoeugenol clearly showed that both product distribution and activity of FeâNi catalysts strongly depend on the metalsâ ratio and their interactions. Key properties affected by the FeâNi metal ratio, which played a positive role in co-processing, were a smaller medial metal nanoparticle size (<6 nm), a lower metalâacid site ratio, as well as presence in the catalyst of fcc FeNi alloy structure and fcc Ni doped with Fe