Indicadores antropométricos e parâmetros bioquímicos em diabéticos tipo 2

The objective of this work was to verify the association between morphologic variables and biochemical parameters in type 2 diabetics. Twenty two voluntaries (54.2 ± 7.5 years) sedentary had been evaluated. The analyzed variable had been: body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), percentage of body fat (%FB), fasting glucose (FG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and glucosided hemoglobin (A1c). For the analysis of the results was used test T of Student, test U of Mann-Whitney, correlation of Pearson and Spearman' s Rank (p≤0,05). It was verified that 36.4% of the evaluated ones had been classified with overweight and 63.6% as obese. However, concerning to %FB, 89% had been classified as obese. It was verified that the group presents risk increased for chronic complications, since 90.9% of the individuals presented raised WHR, 63.6% elevated TC and 72.7% had presented TG above of normality. Additionally, 68.2% of the individuals presented the A1c above of 7%. Furthermore, partial correlation analyses demonstrated that majority of the analyzed morphologic variables are associated whit some parameters biochemical, indicators of the metabolic control in diabetic. In this way, the changes in the life style with more adequate diet, regular physical exercises and awareness of the importance of these cares for the health, are important to improvement of quality and/or length of life.El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar la asociación entre variábles morfológicas y parámetros bioquímicos en diabéticos tipo 2. Fueron evaluados 22 sedentarios voluntarios de ambos sexos (54,2 ± 7,5 años). Las variábles analizadas fueron: masa corporal (MC), índice de masa corporal (IMC), circunsferencia de la cintura (CC), relación cintura cadera (RCC), porcentaje de adipocidad corporal (%AC), glucemia de ayuno (GA), colesterol total (CT), triglicéridos (TG) y hemoglobina glicada (A1c). Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó el test T de Student, teste U de Mann-Whitney, correlación de Pearson y de Spearman’s Rank (p≤0,05). Se verificó 36,4% de los evaluados se clasificaron con sobrepesos y 63,3% como obesos. Sin embargo, en cuanto al %AC, 89% se clasificaron como obesos. Se verificó que el grupo presenta riesgo aumentado para complicaciones crónicas, pues además el 90,9% de los indivíduos presentaran RCC elevada, 63,6% y 72,7% presentaron CT y TG respectivamente encima de lo normal. Adicionalmente, la A1c se encontró por encima de 7% en 68,2% de los indivíduos. Se observó que en la mayoría de las variábles morfológicas analizadas se assococian algunos parámetros bioquímicos, indicadores del control metabólico en diabéticos. De este modo, se evidencia la necesidad de un cambio en el estilo de vida, con dieta más adecuada, práctica regular de ejercícios físicos y concientización de la importancia de estos cuidados para la salud.O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a associação entre variáveis morfológicas e parâmetros bioquímicos em diabéticos tipo 2. Foram avaliados 22 voluntários sedentários de ambos os sexos (54,2 ± 7,5 anos). As variáveis analisadas foram: massa corporal (MC), índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), relação cintura quadril (RCQ), percentual de gordura corporal, glicemia de jejum (GJ), colesterol total (CT), triglicerídeos (TG), lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL) e hemoglobina glicada (A1c). Para a análise dos resultados utilizou-se teste T de Student, teste U de Mann-Whitney, correlação de Pearson e de Spearman’s Rank (p≤0,05). Verificou-se que 36,4% dos avaliados classificaram-se com sobrepesos e 63,6% como obesos. Contudo, quanto ao %GC, 89% classificaram-se como obesos. Verificou-se que o grupo apresenta risco aumentado para complicações crônicas, pois além de 90,9% dos indivíduos apresentarem RCQ elevada, 63,6% e 72,7% apresentaram CT e TG respectivamente acima da normalidade. Adicionalmente, a A1c encontrou-se acima de 7% em 68,2% dos indivíduos. Observou-se que a maioria das variáveis morfológicas analisadas associou-se a alguns parâmetros bioquímicos, indicadores do controle metabólico em diabéticos. Deste modo, evidencia-se a necessidade de uma mudança no estilo de vida, com dieta mais adequada, prática regular de exercícios físicos e conscientização da importância destes cuidados para a saúde

Influência dos exercícios resistidos com pesos em diabéticos tipo 2

This work had the purpose of verifying the effect of a weight resisted exercise program upon body composition and glucohemoglobin in type 2 diabetic subjects, as well as the acute effect upon capillary glucemia. Eight sedentary subjects, aged between 47 and 58 years old, composed the group. The weight resisted exercise program was constituted of 3 sessions a week. The body mass, the body mass index and the lean body mass increased. The waist/hip ratio, the 7-skinfold sum, the body fat percentage and the capillary glucemia reduced significantly. The glucohemoglobin levels did not present any significant alteration. With these results, a favorable effect of weight resisted exercise program upon body composition and capillary glucemia was observed. A possible reduction in glucohemoglobin may occur after a long-term period, considering the increased lean body mass that will, consequently, increase glucose absorption during rest as well as during physical exercise.Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito de um programa exercícios resistidos com pesos na composição corporal e hemoglobina glicada em diabéticos tipo 2, e o efeito agudo sobre a glicemia capilar. O grupo foi composto por oito sedentários, com idades entre 47 e 58 anos. O programa de exercícios resistido com pesos foi realizado três vezes por semana. A massa corporal, o índice de massa corporal e a massa corporal magra aumentaram. A relação cintura quadril, o somatório das dobras cutâneas, o percentual de gordura corporal e a glicemia capilar reduziram significativamente. A hemoglobina glicada não apresentou alterações significativas. Com isso, pode-se perceber efeito favorável do programa exercícios resistidos com pesos na composição corporal e glicemia capilar. Uma possível redução na hemoglobina glicada pode ocorrer em longo prazo devido ao aumento da massa corporal magra que conseqüentemente aumentará a captação de glicose tanto em repouso quanto durante o exercício

Metabolic responses to acute physical exercise in young rats recovered from fetal protein malnutrition with a fructose-rich diet

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Malnutrition <it>in utero </it>can "program" the fetal tissues, making them more vulnerable to metabolic disturbances. Also there is association between excessive consumption of fructose and the development of metabolic syndrome. However, there is little information regarding the acute effect of physical exercise on subjects recovered from malnutrition and/or fed with a fructose-rich diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic aspects and the response to acute physical exercise in rats recovered from fetal protein malnutrition with a fructose-rich diet.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Pregnant Wistar rats were fed with a balanced (B) diet or a low-protein (L) diet. After birth and until 60 days of age, the offspring were distributed into four groups according to the diet received: B: B diet during the whole experiment; balanced/fructose (BF): B diet until birth and fructose-rich (F) diet afterwards; low protein/balanced (LB): L diet until birth and B diet afterwards; low protein/fructose (LF): L diet until birth and F diet afterwards.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The excess fructose intake reduced the body weight gain, especially in the BF group. Furthermore, the serum total cholesterol and the LDL cholesterol were elevated in this group. In the LF group, the serum total cholesterol and the muscle glycogen increased. Acute physical exercise increased the serum concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and liver lipids and reduced the concentrations of muscle glycogen in all groups.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>An excess fructose intake induced some signs of metabolic syndrome. However, protein malnutrition appeared to protect against the short term effects of fructose. In other hand, most responses to acute physical exercise were not influenced by early malnutrition and/or by the fructose overload.</p

Effects of physical training with different intensities of effort on lipid metabolism in rats submitted to the neonatal application of alloxan

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease that is characterized by insulin resistance. Its development is directly connected with the inability of insulin to exert its action, not just on carbohydrate metabolism but also on primarily on lipid metabolism. The present study aimed to compare the effects of continuous, intermittent, and strength training on serum and tissue variables on the lipid metabolism of alloxan rats.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Wistar rats were divided into eight groups: sedentary alloxan (SA), sedentary control (SC), continuous training alloxan (CA), intermittent training alloxan (IA), strength training alloxan (StA), continuous training control (CC), intermittent training control (IC) and strength training control (StC). Alloxan (250 mg/kg bw) was injected into neonatal rats at 6 days of age. The continuous training protocol consisted of 12 weeks of swimming training for 1 uninterrupted hour / day, five days/ week, supporting a load that was 5% bw. The intermittent training protocol consisted of 12 weeks of swimming training with 30 s of activity interrupted by 30 s of rest, for a total of 20 min/day, five days/ week, supporting a load that was 15% bw. The strength-training protocol consisted of 12 weeks of training, five days/week with 4 sets of 10 jumps in water with 1 min rest between sets, supporting a load that was a 50% bw.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>At 28 days, the alloxan animals exhibited higher insulin resistance as measured by the disappearance of glucose serum (% Kitt/min) during the ITT. At 120 days, the sedentary alloxan animals showed higher FFA values than continuous and intermittent training alloxan. In addition, the alloxan animals that underwent intermittent and strength training showed lower FFA values compared to the corresponding controls. The continuous training protocol was less effective than the strength training protocol for reducing the levels of total cholesterol in the alloxan animals. Serum total lipid values revealed that intermittent training increased serum levels in alloxan animals</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Thus, it was concluded that physical training at different intensities of effort is of great importance in attenuation and control of changes in the lipid metabolism in alloxan animals.</p

Variabilidade da frequência cardíaca na recuperação pós-exercício máximo em jovens sobrepesos

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) na recuperação ativa em jovens com diferentes índices de massa corporal (IMC) e associar as variáveis em repouso e recuperação. Dezoito jovens, eutróficos – E (22,36 ± 1,92 kg.m-2) e sobrepesos – S (29,71 ± 2,97 kg.m-2), foram avaliados. A frequência cardíaca (FC) e os índices de VFC (RMSSD e SDNN) em repouso, exercício e na recuperação após exercício máximo durante 5 minutos, assim como, as áreas sob a curva da VFC, foram analisadas. O consumo máximo de oxigênio – VO2máx – foi menor (p&lt;0,05) nos jovens sobrepesos. Os índices LnRMSSD30s e LnSDNN30s ao final do exercício (E: 0,46 ± 0,11 e 0,75 ± 0,12; S: 0,58 ± 1,15 e 0,73 ± 0,12 ms) estão reduzidos em relação ao repouso (E: 1,56 ± 0,11 e 1,72 ± 0,13; S: 1,42 ± 0,11 e 1,65 ± 0,23 ms), e permaneceram inferiores (p&lt;0,05) ao final da recuperação (E: 0,54 ± 0,23 e 0,67 ± 0,24; S: 0,47 ± 0,23 e 0,67 ± 0,23 ms) sem diferença entre os grupos. Além disso, as variáveis morfológicas associam-se (p&lt;0,05) à aptidão aeróbia (r= -0,71 a -0,76), e a FC aos índices da VFC nos diferentes momentos fisiológicos. Em conclusão, não há reativação vagal após 5 minutos de recuperação ativa de um exercício máximo em jovens, com comportamento similar entre eutróficos e sobrepesos. Igualmente, as variáveis morfológicas associam-se inversamente à aptidão aeróbia, e a FC aos índices de VFC nos diferentes momentos fisiológicos.The aimed this study was analyze the heart rate variability (HRV) in the active recovery in young with different body mass index (BMI) and it was associate the variables at rest and recovery. Eighteen young, eutrophic – E (22.36 ± 1.92 kg.m-2) and overweight – O (29.71 ± 2.97 kg.m-2) were assessed. The heart rate (HR) and the HRV index (RMSSD and SDNN) at rest, exercise and recovery after maximal exercise during 5 minutes, even as, the areas under the curve of the HRV were analyzed. The maximal oxygen uptake – VO2máx – was lower (p&lt;0.05) in the young overweight. The LnRMSSD30s and LnSDNN30s index at the end of the exercise (E: 0.46 ± 0.11 and 0.75 ± 0.12; O: 0.58 ± 1.15 and 0.73 ± 0.12 ms) were reduced compared to rest (E: 1.56 ± 0.11 and 1.72 ± 0.13; O: 1.42 ± 0.11 and 1.65 ± 0.23 ms) and have remained lower (p&lt;0.05) at the end of the recovery (E: 0.54 ± 0.23 and 0.67 ± 0.24; O: 0.47 ± 0.23 and 0.67 ± 0.23 ms) without differences between groups. Moreover, the morphologic variables were associated (p&lt;0.05) to aerobic fitness (r= -0.71 to -0.76), and the HR to HRV index in the different physiological moments. In conclusion, there was not vagal reactivation after 5 minutes of active recovery after a maximal exercise in young, with similar behavior between eutrophic and overweight. Also, morphological variables was associated inversely with the aerobic fitness, and the HR to HRV index in the different physiological moments

Recuperação ativa favorece a retirada simpática pós-exercício máximo em jovens não treinadas

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) após recuperação ativa de um exercício máximo em jovens não treinadas. Nove mulheres eutrófi cas (25,45 ± 5,41 anos; 22,23 ± 2,03 kg.m-2; 28,13 ± 5,0% de gordura corporal) foram avaliadas em repouso, exercício e na recuperação pós teste progressivo máximo em cicloergômetro realizada de forma ativa (A) ou passiva (P), com os índices da VFC (RMSSD e SDNN) avaliados durante os 5 min da recuperação e nos 5 min posteriores, janelados a cada 30 s. Os índices LnRMSSD30s e LnSDNN30s ao fi nal do exercício (A: 0,52 ± 0,13; P: 0,55 ± 0,25 / A: 0,42 ± 0,11; P: 0,48 ± 0,21 ms) reduziram em relação ao repouso (A: 1,49 ± 0,29; P: 1,46 ± 0,28 / A: 1,70 ± 0,21; P: 1,69 ± 0,20 ms) e permaneceram reduzidos (p&lt;0,05) ao fi nal dos primeiros 5 min da recuperação (A: 0,53 ± 0,12; P: 0,45 ± 0,14 / A: 0,63 ± 0,12; P: 0,68 ± 0,24 ms) e após esse período (A: 0,48 ± 0,12; P: 0,55 ± 0,23 / A: 0,86 ± 0,20; P: 0,87 ± 0,20 ms), sem diferença entre os tipos de recuperação. Entretanto, após a recuperação ativa, o índice LnSDNN30s elevou-se em relação ao fi nal do exercício (p&lt;0,05). Em conclusão, independentemente do tipo de recuperação, não houve reativação vagal nos 10 min após um exercício máximo em mulheres jovens não treinadas, contudo a recuperação ativa auxiliou no restabelecimento da modulação autonômica cardíaca pela retirada da atividade simpática

Aerobic capacity of wistar rats: the effects of training and physical detraining at middle-aged

It has been shown that engaging in regular physical exercise yields short- and long-term health benefits, primarily by mitigating the risk for cardiovascular disease, but little information is known about physical deconditioning at aging process. The aim of the present study was to analyze the aerobic capacity, through maximal lactate steady state (MLSS), in Wistar rats of different ages (2,4, 6 e 12 months ) and physical conditioning deconditioning responses in middle-aged rats. The results were significant for weight gain in the sedentary (588 ± 71 g) and detraining animals (576 ± 62 g) at 12 months, whereas the conditioned group maintained their original body weights – BW (515 ± 72 g), similar at four (455 ±17 g) and six months of age (471 ± 37 g). MLSS decreased with age (2 months sedentary (8.4 ± 1% Body Weight, 4 months sedentary (6.4 ± 0.6% BW), 6 months sedentary (5.8 ± 1% BW), 12 months sedentary (5.1 ± 0.7% BW), but physical exercise was effective in attenuating the age-related loss of aerobic capacity after 12 months (5.8 ± 1.3% BW). The physical detraining was (5.3 ± 0.4% BW) was similar at 12 months trained. The physical training in long term protected against the increased of the body weight and fat depots caused by aging, but, this effect was found by deconditioning physical. Additionally, the physical training attenuated the aerobic capacity loss due to aging process and this effect was maintained after detraining physical.Tem sido demonstrado que o engajamento em exercícios físicos regulares gera benefícios para a saúde a curto e a longo prazo, principalmente a redução do risco de doença cardiovascular, mas pouco se sabe sobre o destreinamento físico no processo de envelhecimento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a capacidade aeróbia, através da máxima fase estável de lactato (MFEL), em ratos Wistar de diferentes idades e em resposta ao treinamento e ao destreinamento físico em ratos de meia-idade. Os resultados foram significativos para o ganho de peso corporal no grupo sedentário (588 ± 71 g) e animais destreinados com 12 meses (576 ± 62 g), enquanto o grupo treinado manteve o peso corpo semelhante aosanimais – PC (515 ± 72 g), do grupo de quatro meses (455 ± 17 g) e seis meses de idade (471 ± 37 g). Como medida da capacidade aeróbia, a MFEL diminuiu com a idade (2 meses sedentários (8,4 ± 1% PC), 4 meses sedentários (6,4 ± 0,6% PC), 6 meses sedentários (5,8 ± 1% PC), 12 meses sedentários (5.1 ± 0,7% PC), mas o exercício físico foi eficaz em atenuar a perda da capacidade aeróbia relacionada com a idade, o grupo 12 meses treinados (5,8 ± 1,3% PC) e o grupo destreinado (5,3 ± 0,4% PC) tiveram resultados semelhante na capacidade aeróbia. O treinamento físico de longo prazo protege contra o aumento do peso corporal e o aumento de depósitos de gordura causada pelo envelhecimento. Porém, este efeito foi abolido pelo destreinametno físico. Além disso, o treinamento físico preveniu a diminuição da capacidade aeróbia, devido ao processo de envelhecimento e este efeito foi mantido após destreinamento físico

Different exercise protocols improve metabolic syndrome markers, tissue triglycerides content and antioxidant status in rats

Background: An increase in the prevalence of obesity entails great expenditure for governments. Physical exercise is a powerful tool in the combat against obesity and obesity-associated diseases. This study sought to determine the effect of three different exercise protocols on metabolic syndrome and lipid peroxidation markers and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in adult Wistar rats (120 days old).Methods: Animals were randomly divided into four groups: the control (C) group was kept sedentary throughout the study; the aerobic group (A) swam1 h per day, 5 days per week, at 80% lactate threshold intensity; the strength group (S) performed strength training with four series of 10 jumps, 5 days per week; and the Concurrent group (AS) was trained using the aerobic protocol three days per week and the strength protocol two days per week.Results: Groups A and S exhibited a reduction in body weight compared to group C. All exercised animals showed a reduction in triglyceride concentrations in fatty tissues and the liver. Exercised animals also exhibited a reduction in lipid peroxidation markers (TBARS) and an increase in serum superoxide dismutase activity. Animals in group A had increased levels of liver catalase and superoxide dismutase activities.Conclusions: We concluded that all physical activity protocols improved the antioxidant systems of the animals and decreased the storage of triglycerides in the investigated tissues

Efeito agudo e crônico do exercício físico no perfil glicêmico e lípidico em diabéticos tipo 2

This work had the purpose of verifying the acute and chronic effect of physical exercise (PE) program in the metabolic control in subjects with type 2 diabetes. The group of study was composed for 8 sedentary of both the sexes, with 57.6 ± 4.9 years. The PE program was constituted of 3 weekly sessions, during 12 weeks, composed by walking or weight resisted exercise. They had data collected given reference to anthropometric variables, biochemical variables, before, after 6 and 12 weeks of PE program. The capillary glycemia was verified before and after one of the weekly sessions of PE. The average of the capillary glycemia reduced significantly. None of the morphologic variables had reduced significantly, as chronic effect of the training, although the sum of skinfolds and %FC had reduced after of PE program. Only the HDL had presented effect of the training. However, despite the other biochemical variables didn’t present significant reductions, some subjects have passed from the inadequate condition to an adequate adjusted condition. From the results obtained it is suggested that the PE presents a favorable acute effect under capillary glycemia and a favorable chronic effect under morphological and biochemical variables in type 2 diabetes.Este trabalho teve por objetivo verificar o efeito agudo e crônico de um programa de exercícios físicos (EF) no controle metabólico em diabéticos tipo 2. O grupo foi composto por oito sedentários, com 57,6 ± 4,9 anos.O programa de EF foi constituído de exercício aeróbio ou resistido com pesos realizados três vezes por semana. Foram coletados dados referentes às variáveis antropométricas e bioquímicas antes, após 6 e 12 semanas do programa de EF. A glicemia capilar foi verificada antes e após uma das sessões semanais de EF. Nenhuma das variáveis morfológicas demonstraram alterações significativas, embora o somatório das dobras cutâneas e o percentual de gordura corporal tenham apresentado tendência a menores valores, após o programa de EF. A única variável bioquímica que apresentou efeito do treinamento foi a HDL. No entanto, apesar das demais não terem apresentado reduções significativas, vários sujeitos passaram da condição de controle inadequado para controle adequado, em relação aos valores de referência. Quanto à glicemia capilar, observou-se redução estatisticamente significativa. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se perceber efeito favorável do EF no controle metabólico de diabéticos tipo 2

Exercise counteracts fatty liver disease in rats fed on fructose-rich diet

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This study aimed to analyze the effects of exercise at the aerobic/anaerobic transition on the markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin sensitivity and the blood chemistry of rats kept on a fructose-rich diet.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We separated 48 Wistar rats into two groups according to diet: a control group (balanced diet AIN-93 G) and a fructose-rich diet group (60% fructose). The animals were tested for maximal lactate-steady state (MLSS) in order to identify the aerobic/anaerobic metabolic transition during swimming exercises at 28 and 90 days of age. One third of the animals of each group were submitted to swimming training at an intensity equivalent to the individual MLSS for 1 hours/day, 5 days/week from 28 to 120 days (early protocol). Another third were submitted to the training from 90 to 120 days (late protocol), and the others remained sedentary. The main assays performed included an insulin tolerance test (ITT) and tests of serum alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST] activities, serum triglyceride concentrations [TG] and liver total lipid concentrations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The fructose-fed rats showed decreased insulin sensitivity, and the late-exercise training protocol counteracted this alteration. There was no difference between the groups in levels of serum ALT, whereas AST and liver lipids increased in the fructose-fed sedentary group when compared with the other groups. Serum triglycerides concentrations were higher in the fructose-fed trained groups when compared with the corresponding control group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The late-training protocol was effective in restoring insulin sensitivity to acceptable standards. Considering the markers here evaluated, both training protocols were successful in preventing the emergence of non-alcoholic fatty liver status disease.</p