104 research outputs found
Teeth whitening
In the age of modern life, aesthetic dentistry has increasing advantages over functional dentistry, and the demand for brighter and brighter teeth is increasing. American dental laboratories have gone the furthest in perfecting teeth whitening products, creating a "Hollywood smile". White teeth have always been a symbol of beauty, so teeth whitening is not related to the 21st century. The roots of this procedure date back to the 19th century. The teeth whitening procedure removes stains and stains from the tooth surfaces caused by various external or internal factors.The contemporary way of life imposes needs of new and modern esthetic solutions. The beautiful appearance is a part of the everyday life but the teeth along with the oral cavity are one of the first things that are visually noticeable so their esthetic affects the confidence of one individual. The oral health is an exclusively important factor which contributes to the overall look, it includes establishment of statisfactory function of the dentogenetic system as well as its esthetic. One of the main goals of the dental treatment I designing natural and esthetic smiles which satisfy the individuals and the specific needs of the patients. The possibility of achieving it all has improved over the last decade through the new specific modalities of treatment that are increasingly present in the everyday dental practice.Painted teeth are a real aesthetic problem for many people. Facial aesthetics implies beautiful and white teeth, which is increasingly the desire of many patients. Which whitening product and which method will be used depends on the color of the teeth. Since there are still dilemmas for and against whitening, its effect on tooth structure and its effect on intrapulp temperature, we decided that this should be the goal of our research. As part of our research, which is a review of the literature not older than 10 years, we also covered the types of whitening indications, contraindications, and we gave an overview of all aspects that are important for patients.The results obtained from the research literature show that teeth whitening improves the patient's self-confidence. A beautiful and bright smile is the first thing people notice when they meet. White teeth have long been considered friends of beauty and good health
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°
Π Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠΏΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ. Π‘Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π° /Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡ Π¨ΡΠΈΠΏ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎ 71 (100,00%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄ Π½ΠΈΠ² 40 (56,30%) ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° 16 (22,50%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ» ΠΈ 24 (33,80%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ». ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ 31(43,70%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°, 10 (14,10%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ» ΠΈ 21(29,60%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ». ΠΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ 12 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π‘ΠΠ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³ Π·Π° Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π²ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ 60 W ΡΠΎ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎ-ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΈ Π±Ρ.5 ΠΈ ΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ° Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ Π·Π°ΠΌΠΎΡ, Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π΄Π΅Π½ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ 15 Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°. ΠΠ° ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ: Skor 0 β Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ, Skor 1 β ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½, Skor 2 β Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΊ. ΠΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΅ΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° 10 (14,10%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, 16 (22,50%) ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ 14 (19,70%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ 31 (41,90%) Π΄Π΅ΡΠ° Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ Π·Π° Fisher's Exact Test=31,10 ΠΈ p0,05) ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π±Π° Π½Π΅Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π΅Π½ ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π³ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ
ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ-Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ, Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π²ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°. Π‘Π΅ Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°, Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π». ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ
Teeth whitening
In the age of modern life, aesthetic dentistry has increasing advantages over functional dentistry, and the demand for brighter and brighter teeth is increasing. American dental laboratories have gone the furthest in perfecting teeth whitening products, creating a "Hollywood smile". White teeth have always been a symbol of beauty, so teeth whitening is not related to the 21st century. The roots of this procedure date back to the 19th century. The teeth whitening procedure removes stains and stains from the tooth surfaces caused by various external or internal factors.The contemporary way of life imposes needs of new and modern esthetic solutions. The beautiful appearance is a part of the everyday life but the teeth along with the oral cavity are one of the first things that are visually noticeable so their esthetic affects the confidence of one individual. The oral health is an exclusively important factor which contributes to the overall look, it includes establishment of statisfactory function of the dentogenetic system as well as its esthetic. One of the main goals of the dental treatment I designing natural and esthetic smiles which satisfy the individuals and the specific needs of the patients. The possibility of achieving it all has improved over the last decade through the new specific modalities of treatment that are increasingly present in the everyday dental practice.Painted teeth are a real aesthetic problem for many people. Facial aesthetics implies beautiful and white teeth, which is increasingly the desire of many patients. Which whitening product and which method will be used depends on the color of the teeth. Since there are still dilemmas for and against whitening, its effect on tooth structure and its effect on intrapulp temperature, we decided that this should be the goal of our research. As part of our research, which is a review of the literature not older than 10 years, we also covered the types of whitening indications, contraindications, and we gave an overview of all aspects that are important for patients.The results obtained from the research literature show that teeth whitening improves the patient's self-confidence. A beautiful and bright smile is the first thing people notice when they meet. White teeth have long been considered friends of beauty and good health
Impact of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on mandibular third molar surgery recovery: an article review
Background: Extraction of impacted mandibular third molars is the most frequent procedure performed by oral surgeons. This procedure may be associated with considerable postoperative complications including pain, trismus, edema, surgical site infection as well as alveolar osteitis (AO).
Platelet-rich fibrin is characterized by the slow polymerization during its preparation that generates a fibrin network very similar to the natural one that enhances cell migration and proliferation.
Materials and Methods: The aim of this article is to investigated the effect of PRF on lower third molar extraction. Pain, swelling, trismus, alveolar osteitis (AO), and osteoblastic activity were extracted to evaluate the effect of PRF. Also, narrative review of clinical outcomes from different articles published on Pubmed, Medscape, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar are included.
Results: Being a reservoir of platelets, leukocytes, cytokines and immune cells, PRF is reported to allow slow release of cytokines; TGF, PDGF, VEGF, and EGF which play a critical role on angiogenesis and tissue healing and cicatrization. PRF also reported to enhance angiogenesis, support immunity, and to enhance the coverage of injured tissues through its positive effect on epithelial cells and fibroblasts.
Although, PRF preparation is simple, inexpensive process, and requires no additives, rapid blood handling is an important factor in success of its preparation. Failure in quick handling of the blood sample results in a diffuse polymerized fibrin within the glass tube and only a small blood clot without consistency will be obtained.
Conclusion: The evidence supports the use of PRF as socket preservation materials to enhance soft tissue healing and reduce postoperative complications. However, there is no evidence to date to support the positive effect of autologous materialsin hard tissue regeneration.
Keywords: Platelet-rich fibrin, cytokines, alveolar osteitis
ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ - ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ
Π Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅:ΠΠ°Π±Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π·Π°Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ- Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ- ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° Π΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°. ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ° ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΡΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅, Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π° Π·Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΡ
Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π» ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΎΡ Π΄Π΅Π» ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ/ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ.
Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½.ΠΠ° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π±Π΅Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ- ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊaΡa Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π±Π°Π·a Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ PubMed ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ Π°Π½ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°.
ΠΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³, Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½ΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ
Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌ Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅: Π»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΈ, Π»ΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π»ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°.ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ°, Π½Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρe Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° Ρ
ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π³Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Ρ, ΠΊΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡ
Root caries - risk factors, preventive and restorative measures
Dental caries is an infectious disease of the hard dental tissues caused by the oral flora, which together with the host factor and the nutritional factor, influence the process of demineralization of the hard dental tissues and cavity formation. Root caries is a multifactorial disease that occurs in the elderly population and is associated with age-related physiological gingival recession that is significantly exacerbated when combined with poor oral hygiene. Because root caries is a multifactorial disease, there may be multiple factors that contribute to its occurrence, whether it be intraoral factors, behavioral factors, or population-related factors, all of which increase an individual's risk of developing root caries. on the tooth. Several studies show that the majority of root caries are primary lesions. This indicates the fact that the majority by controlling/modifying risk factors can prevent the occurrence and progression of tooth root caries.
The purpose of this paper was to highlight risk factors for the occurrence of root caries, methods of prevention and treatment. For the realization of this paper, several scientific and research papers, a literature search through the electronic database PubMed and an anonymous survey questionnaire were used in order to obtain information regarding the experience dentists have with root caries, regarding how they manage this dental problem. Identifying risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of root caries of the tooth is an important factor for a dentist, because by identifying and eliminating it, success is achieved in terms of preventive measures to prevent the occurrence of root caries of the tooth. There are a large number of risk factors, all of which directly or indirectly cause the development of root caries, and according to our respondents, the most common factors indicated for this problem are: bad edges of crowns, bad edges of restorations, bad oral hygiene and gingival recession. Therefore, the best preventive treatment will consist of identifying risk factors, improving oral hygiene, limiting carbohydrate intake and regular dental check-ups
A Fundamental Human Right: Expanding Access to Affordable Housing for Latin America\u27s Low and Middle-Income Families
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Π± Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ ΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅.ΠΠΊΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ²Π° Π±ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ Π° Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π».ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° (Π½Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ), Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° Π·Π½Π°Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ, Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π±. ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠ»ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°.ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅: ΠΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ Π·Π°Π± Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ - ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° Π±ΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π». ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° - ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Ρ (ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ). ΠΠΎΠ² Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΄ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ· ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ. Π‘ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π» Π½Π΅ Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½, ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°.ΠΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΡ.ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ ΡΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°, Π³ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈ
Use of chlorhexidine in restorative dentistry and endodontics
Nowadays, caries and periodontal diseases are the two dominant diseases of the oral cavity, and dental plaque is the main factor leading to their development and progression. The control of dental plaque, its accumulation and development is the basis for the fight against caries.
The aim of this research is to define the mechanism of the antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine, its use in preventive and restorative dentistry, the advantages and disadvantages during endodontic therapy, as well as to review its negative properties and toxicity. For the realization of this paper, was made a research of scientific and professional literature, clinical studies and presentation of cases obtained by searching and analyzing Pubmed and Research Gate.
Results: The antimicrobial spectrum of activity of CHX includes a large number of microorganisms such as Gram+ and Gram bacteria, bacterial spores, lipophilic viruses (including HBV), fungi, especially dermatophytes. Preventing the accumulation of plaque, it becomes an anti plaque and anti gingivitis agent. Regarding its use in endodontics as an irrigant , the most commonly used protocol today involves irrigation with a 2.5% 6% sodium hypochlorite ( NaOCl ) solution supplemented with 2% CHX In addition to its antibacterial effect, chlorhexidine is also used during the placement of composite restorations in order to inactivate matrix adhesive systems used to place composite restorations. Chlorhexidine is used in such situations for complete inhibition of the enzyme MMP. After etching with orthophosphoric acid, the cavity is washed with water and dried, and then is applied a 2% solution of chlorhexidine. That concentration is sufficient to inhibit the enzyme.
Conclusion: When it comes to modern research on chlorhexidine, it is widely used and can act as a bacteriostatic (0.02% 0.06%) or bactericidal ( 0.12%), depending on the dose and the bacterial species, where in the same dose in some species it shows a bacteriostatic effect, and in others, a bactericidal effect
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡ
ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄: Π€Π»ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π΅ Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ°, Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ°, Π±ΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅..
ΠΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡ Π·Π° Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΈ, Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π±Π»Π΅ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π°ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΠ», ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π°..
Π¦Π΅Π»: ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ· ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ: ΠΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ Π΅Π²Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ: ΠΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π΅Π΄Π°Π²ΠΌΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ: Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ, Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ , ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ°Π°ΡΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ²ΡΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΎ Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅
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