Moving toward improving the delivery of youth interrogation rights: can comprehension be enhanced through multimedia?

Across three experiments, the extent to which presenting youth interrogation rights in a multimedia format using three multimedia elements (Animation, Audio, and Caption) improved comprehension was examined. Experiments 1 and 2 employed a 2 (Animation: Present vs. Absent) X 2 (Audio: Present vs. Absent) X 2 (Caption: Present vs. Absent) between-participants design with samples of Canadian adults (N = 207) and youth (N = 193), respectively. Participants in both experiments were randomly shown one of eight multimedia presentations and then tested about their understanding of the youth interrogation rights content contained in the multimedia presentation. In both experiments, the multimedia presentation showing Animation and Caption yielded the highest comprehension score. Experiment 3 carried out a single-condition design with Canadian youth (N = 60) to collect opinions about the multimedia elements used in the stimuli. Participants were presented with a multimedia presentation containing all three multimedia elements (i.e., Animation, Audio, and Caption) and asked to provide their feedback about the presentation more broadly (e.g., evaluating the quality, rate of speed, distraction level, and their ability to identify character within the presentation); positive reviews were reported by nearly all participants. Implications of these collective findings for protecting youth and the use of technology during police interrogations are discussed

Seeking or suggesting the truth? an examination of Canadian lawyers' questioning practices

Ninety-one court examinations of lawyers asking questions to witnesses were analyzed. Each unique examination was coded for the frequency of utterance type being spoken (i.e., questions identified as open-ended, probing, closed yes-no, leading, forced choice, multiple, clarification, re-asked, as well as for offered opinions and facilitators), the assumed purpose type of each utterance (i.e., unknown, administrative, information gathering, challenging the witness’ account/details), lawyer type (i.e., prosecutor vs. defence), and examination type (i.e., direct vs. cross). The results showed that approximately 80% of the questions asked were inappropriate for gathering reliable information. In addition, there were no significant differences found between prosecutors or defence lawyers regarding the proportions of the utterance type spoken. However, there was a significant difference with some utterance types as a function of examination type; direct examinations contained significantly more closed yes-no, probing, and open-ended questions, whereas cross examinations contained significantly more leading and clarification questions. There were no significant differences found between lawyer type as a function of purpose type, with the exception of cross (vs. direct) examinations containing significantly more challenges. Although the findings were expected, these data suggest that the vast majority of courtroom questioning practices run counter to the truth-seeking function of the judiciary. Implications for the role of these questioning practices in the courtroom are discussed, along with the extent to which courtroom interviewing practices are in line with the concerns raised by lawyers when arguing against the inadmissibility of statements due to inadequate police interviewing practices

Respiratory Virus Surveillance Among Children with Acute Respiratory Illnesses - New Vaccine Surveillance Network, United States, 2016-2021

The New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) is a prospective, active, population-based surveillance platform that enrolls children with acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) at seven pediatric medical centers. ARIs are caused by respiratory viruses including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), and most recently SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19), which result in morbidity among infants and young children (1-6). NVSN estimates the incidence of pathogen-specific pediatric ARIs and collects clinical data (e.g., underlying medical conditions and vaccination status) to assess risk factors for severe disease and calculate influenza and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness. Current NVSN inpatient (i.e., hospital) surveillance began in 2015, expanded to emergency departments (EDs) in 2016, and to outpatient clinics in 2018. This report describes demographic characteristics of enrolled children who received care in these settings, and yearly circulation of influenza, RSV, HMPV, HPIV1-3, adenovirus, human rhinovirus and enterovirus (RV/EV),* and SARS-CoV-2 during December 2016-August 2021. Among 90,085 eligible infants, children, and adolescents (children) aged \u3c18 \u3eyear

Effects of Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (sod1) Genotype and Genetic Background on Growth, Reproduction and Defense in Biomphalaria glabrata

Resistance of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata to the trematode Schistosoma mansoni is correlated with allelic variation at copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (sod1). We tested whether there is a fitness cost associated with carrying the most resistant allele in three outbred laboratory populations of snails. These three populations were derived from the same base population, but differed in average resistance. Under controlled laboratory conditions we found no cost of carrying the most resistant allele in terms of fecundity, and a possible advantage in terms of growth and mortality. These results suggest that it might be possible to drive resistant alleles of sod1 into natural populations of the snail vector for the purpose of controlling transmission of S. mansoni. However, we did observe a strong effect of genetic background on the association between sod1 genotype and resistance. sod1 genotype explained substantial variance in resistance among individuals in the most resistant genetic background, but had little effect in the least resistant genetic background. Thus, epistatic interactions with other loci may be as important a consideration as costs of resistance in the use of sod1 for vector manipulation

Poly(amide-imide)/Silica Supported PEI Hollow Fiber Sorbents for Postcombustion CO₂ Capture by RTSA

Amine-loaded poly(amide-imide) (PAI)/silica hollow fiber sorbents are created and used in a rapid temperature swing adsorption (RTSA) system for CO₂ capture under simulated postcombustion flue gas conditions. Poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) is infused into the PAI/mesoporous silica hollow fiber sorbents during fiber solvent exchange steps after fiber spinning. A lumen-side barrier layer is also successfully formed on the bore side of PAI/silica hollow fiber sorbents by using a mixture of Neoprene with cross-linking agents in a post-treatment process. The amine loaded fibers are tested in shell-and-tube modules by exposure on the shell side at 1 atm and 35°C to simulated flue gas with an inert tracer (14 mol % CO2, 72 mol % N2, and 14 mol % He, at 100% relative humidity (RH)). The fibers show a breakthrough CO₂ capacity of 0.85 mmol/g-fiber and a pseudoequilibrium CO₂ uptake of 1.19 mmol/g-fiber. When tested in the temperature range of 35-75°C, the PAI/silica/PEI fiber sorbents show a maximum CO₂ capacity at 65°C, owing to a trade-off between thermodynamic and kinetic factors. To overcome mass transfer limitations in rigidified PEI infused in the silica, an alternate PEI infusion method using a glycerol/PEI/methanol mixture is developed, and the CO₂ sorption performance is improved significantly, effectively doubling the functional sorption capacity. Specifically, the glycerol-plasticized sorbents are found to have a breakthrough and equilibrium CO₂ capacity of 1.3 and 2.0 mmol/g of dry fiber sorbent at 35°C, respectively. Thus, this work demonstrates two PAI-based sorbents that are optimized for different sorption conditions with the PAI/silica/PEI sorbents operating effectively at 65°C and the PAI/silica/PEI-glycerol sorbents operating well at 35°C with significantly improved sorption capacity

Evaluation of CO₂ Adsorption Dynamics of Polymer/Silica Supported Poly(ethylenimine) Hollow Fiber Sorbents in Rapid Temperature Swing Adsorption

Rapid temperature swing adsorption (RTSA) using polymer/silica supported amine hollow fiber sorbents is a new post combustion CO₂ capture methodology that facilitates CO₂ adsorption under nearly isothermal conditions with improved energy efficiency via heat integration. In this work, the dynamic CO₂ adsorption characteristics of polymer/silica supported poly(ethylenimine) hollow fiber sorbents (CA-S-PEI-PI) are evaluated in a bench scale RTSA system. Non-isothermal fibers have breakthrough and pseudo-equilibrium CO₂ capacities of 0.67 mmol/g and 1.03 mmol/g at 35°C, respectively, under humid simulated flue gas conditions (100% R.H.). Prolonged exposure of the fiber sorbents to water vapor enabled the breakthrough and pseudo-equilibrium CO₂ capacities to increase by 60% and 43%, respectively. Upon the removal of the heat of adsorption by flowing cooling water in the bores of the fiber sorbents, there is a substantial increase in the CO₂ breakthrough capacity, reaching 1.16 mmol/g using simulated humid flue gases. The breakthrough capacity is found to increase 5% upon increasing the adsorption temperature from 35°C to at 45°C, suggesting improved mass transfer in the fiber sorbent at the higher temperature. The CO₂ adsorption and desorption rates are shown to be very rapid, with CO₂ breakthrough occurring in less than 72s and the majority of the adsorbed CO₂ desorbing in 5 min. Extensive cycling studies demonstrate that the CA-S-PEI-PI sorbents have good dynamic swing capacities, stabilizing over 60 cycles. A newly developed rechargeable post-spinning amine infusion technique provides the feasibility of recovering the CO₂ adsorption performance of deactivated CA-S-PEI-PI fiber modules, by allowing for straightforward re-infusion of PEI into the deactivated sorbents. Amine-incorporated hollow fiber sorbents have good potential for practical use as scalable, adsorbing heat-exchangers

Post-Spinning Infusion of Poly(ethyleneimine) into Polymer/Silica Hollow Fiber Sorbents for Carbon Dioxide Capture

Amine-loaded hollow fiber sorbents for CO₂ capture from dilute gas streams are created using a novel post-spinning amine-infusion technique. This technique infuses poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) into cellulose acetate/mesoporous silica hollow fiber sorbents during the solvent exchange steps after dry-jet, wet-quench, non-solvent induced phase separation spinning. A suitable post-spinning infusing solution was found to be 10% PEI in methanol with an infusion time of 4h. After amine infusion, the 51 wt% silica hollow fiber sorbents are demonstrated to have a nitrogen loading of 0.52 mmol/g-fiber and a CO₂ uptake of 1.2 mmol/g-fiber, at equilibrium. Amine-loaded fibers are packaged into a shell-and-tube module and exposed on the shell side to simulated flue gas with an inert tracer (10 mol% CO₂, 80 mol% N₂ and 10 mol% He at 100% relative humidity; 1 atm, 35°C). The fibers are shown to have a breakthrough CO₂ capacity of 0.58 mmol/g-fiber and CO₂ uptake after 20 min of 0.92 mmol/g-fiber (1 atm and 35°C). Under the same conditions, the water uptake was found to be 3.2 mmol/g-fiber. The preparation of amine-containing polymeric hollow fibers and demonstration of their CO₂ adsorption properties is an important step towards realizing new, scalable process configurations for supported amine sorbents relevant to post-combustion CO₂ capture

Stability of Amine-Based Hollow Fiber CO₂ Adsorbents in the Presence of NO and SO₂

Comparative studies of the cyclic stability of primary, secondary, and tertiary amine-grafted silica/polymer composite fiber adsorbents upon exposure to simulated flue gas are reported. A simulated dry flue gas mixture with 200 ppm NO does not cause degradation of the amine grafted fiber adsorbents and all fibers retain their CO₂ capacity in the presence of NO. In contrast, upon exposure to dry flue gas in the presence of 200 ppm SO₂ at 35°C, the primary amine containing adsorbent, CA-S-APS, shows a CO₂ capacity reduction of 55% over 120 cyclic adsorption-desorption runs. As the initial SO₂ induced degradation occurs in this adsorbent, the amine sites first irreversibly adsorb SO₂ and then begin to gradually adsorb SO₂ reversibly, as evidenced from a quantitative comparison of the amount of adsorbed SO₂ to the amount of desorbed SO₂. The secondary amine containing adsorbent, CA-S-MAPS, exhibits an improved stability and approximately 25% CO₂ capacity loss is observed during cycling in the presence of SO2. Therefore, the secondary amine based CA-S-MAPS adsorbent demonstrates some degree of tolerance to SO2 in comparison to the CA-S-APS sample. Under humid conditions, SO₂ imposes significant detrimental impacts on the two adsorbents, as a result of increased SO₂ adsorption capacities in the presence of moisture. Although the CO₂ uptake is nearly zero in the tertiary amine adsorbent, CA-S-DMAPS, the SO₂ capacity of this adsorbent reaches 0.43 mmol/g under humid conditions and this material has the highest SO₂/N ratio of the fiber adsorbents studied. More importantly, this CA-S-DMAPS sample demonstrates reversible SO₂ adsorption, as indicated from the SO₂ cyclic adsorption experiments. The tertiary amine based fiber adsorbents have good potential for flue gas desulfurization, with advantageous characteristics of high SO₂/N ratio, excellent reversibility, low CO₂ adsorption and relatively low regeneration temperature