Border governance in ancient China-study between 2070 B.C.-1279 A.D.

[ES] Este artículo proporciona un estudio de Gobernanza fronteriza en la antigua China. Interpreta el estado de dominación en las áreas de minorías étnicas por el gobierno de Dinastía central entre 2070 B.C-1279 A.D que reconocen entre la comunidad académica relevante en China. En este país multiétnico con una larga historia de dinastía, muchas minorías étnicas viven en las fronteras de China, así Dinastía central se ha enfrentado a complicados problemas de gobernanza fronteriza simple en esta vasta tierra. Aunque las dinastías feudales en varios períodos de la historia china diferían en el contenido de la gobernanza fronteriza, sus sistemas de gobernanza tenían el mismo origen y mejoraban constantemente. Se trata de interpretar el modelo de gobernanza de frontera en cada etapa histórica, a fin de ordenar un contexto histórico claro y proporcionar una ventana para que los sociólogos de habla hispana comprendan la gobernanza de las minorías étnicas en la antigua China.[EN] This article provides a study of border governance in ancient China. It interprets the state of domination in ethnic minorities areas by the central feudal dynasty government between 2070 B.C1279 A.D which is recognized among the relevant academic community in China. In this multi-ethnic country with a long history of feudal dynasty, many ethnic minorities live on the borders of China, thus the central feudal dynasty has faced complicated problems of simple border governance in this vast land. Although feudal dynasties in various periods of Chinese history differed in the content of border governance, their governance systems were of the same origin and were constantly improving. The author strives to interpret the border governance model at each historical stage, in order to order a clear historical context and provide a window for Spanish-speaking sociologists to understand the governance of ethnic minorities in ancient China.[ZH] 本文是一个有关中国古代的边境治理的研究。它依据中国学术界得到认可的文献 对公元前2070年至公元1279年期间中国中央王朝政府对少数民族地区的统治状况进行了梳 理。中国是一个拥有着悠久封建王朝历史的多民族国家，许多少数民族生活在中国的边界 上，因此中央王朝在这片广袤的土地上面临着各种各样的边界治理问题。虽然中国历史上 各个时期的封建王朝在边疆治理的内容上有所不同，但他们的治理体系是同源的，并且再 不断完善。作者希望通过对中国每个历史阶段的边疆治理模式的解读，为西班牙语社会学 家了解中国古代少数民族的治理提供一个窗口，以供大家参考交流

Estudio sobre la integración étnica bajo el Sistema Tusi: el caso de Laosicheng en Yongshun, China

[ES] Esta tesis doctoral es un estudio antropológico histórico sobre la integración étnica en China. Utilizando el ejemplo de Laosicheng, en la región china de Yongshun, el análisis de las ruinas de la zona se utiliza para remontar el impacto de casi cien años de gobierno Tusi (el sistema político de las minorías étnicas en la antigua China) en la integración étnica local y para explorar las razones del alto grado de integración entre los tujia locales y los chinos Han, dando una perspectiva oriental a los eruditos del mundo que estudian el tema de la integración étnica antigua. En primer lugar, se describe la comprensión conceptual de la etnicidad y la integración en punto de vista de China, así como las circunstancias en las que puede haberse producido la integración étnica en China y los factores que influyeron en ella. A continuación, se expone con más detalle el sistema Tusi, un sistema político para las minorías étnicas que existió en la antigua China durante casi 10 siglos, y las minorías étnicas chinas que surgieron bajo este sistema. A continuación, se presentan mis investigaciones y hallazgos en la región de Yongshun. Por último, se extraen las conclusiones basadas en todo lo anteriormente mencionado. Como país multiétnico con una larga historia, China ha sido capaz de mantener un territorio relativamente estable y vasto, y el sistema Tusi ha desempeñado un papel fundamental en ello. Espero que mi investigación sobre este sistema político de las minorías étnicas en la antigua China ayude a encontrar las respuestas de este logro. [EN] This doctoral dissertation is a historical anthropological study of ethnic integration in China. Using the example of Laosicheng in the Yongshun region of China, the analysis of ruins in the area is used to trace the impact of nearly one hundred years of Tusi rule (the political system of ethnic minorities in ancient China) on local ethnic integration and to explore the reasons for the high degree of integration between the local Tujia and Han Chinese, giving an Eastern perspective to scholars around the world studying the issue of ancient ethnic integration. First, the conceptual understanding of ethnicity and integration in China's point of view is described, as well as the circumstances under which ethnic integration in China may have occurred and the factors that influenced it. This is followed by a more detailed exposition of the Tusi system, a political system for ethnic minorities that existed in ancient China for nearly 10 centuries, and the Chinese ethnic minorities that emerged under this system. This is followed by my research and findings in the Yongshun region. Finally, conclusions are drawn based on all of the above. As a multi-ethnic country with a long history, China has been able to maintain a relatively stable and vast territory, and the Tusi system has played a key role in this. I hope that my research on this political system of ethnic minorities in ancient China will help to find the answers of this achievement

Role of Aminoalcoholphosphotransferases 1 and 2 in Phospholipid Homeostasis in Arabidopsis

Aminoalcoholphosphotransferase (AAPT) catalyzes the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphotidylethanolamine (PE), which are the most prevalent membrane phospholipids in all eukaryotic cells. Here, we show that suppression of AAPTs results in extensive membrane phospholipid remodeling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Double knockout (KO) mutants that are hemizygous for either aapt1 or aapt2 display impaired pollen and seed development, leading to embryotic lethality of the double KO plants, whereas aapt1 or aapt2 single KO plants show no overt phenotypic alterations. The growth rate and seed yield of AAPT RNA interference (RNAi) plants are greatly reduced. Lipid profiling shows decreased total galactolipid and phospholipid content in aapt1-containing mutants, including aapt1, aapt1/aapt1 aapt2/AAPT2, aapt1/AAPT1 aapt2/aapt2, and AAPT RNAi plants. The level of PC in leaves was unchanged, whereas that of PE was reduced in all AAPT-deficient plants, except aapt2 KO. However, the acyl species of PC was altered, with increased levels of C34 species and decreased C36 species. Conversely, the levels of PE and phosphatidylinositol were decreased in C34 species. In seeds, all AAPT-deficient plants, including aapt2 KO, displayed a decrease in PE. The data show that AAPT1 and AAPT2 are essential to plant vegetative growth and reproduction and have overlapping functions but that AAPT1 contributes more than AAPT2 to PC production in vegetative tissues. The opposite changes in molecular species between PC and PE and unchanged PC level indicate the existence of additional pathways that maintain homeostatic levels of PC, which are crucial for the survival and proper development of plants

Preparation of 5-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl-5-(4-(4-aminoacylphenyl)-piperazin)-1-yl-pyrimidine-2,4,6-triones and their use as inhibitors of zinc metalloendopeptidases

publication date: 2006-03-02; filing date: 2004-08-2

Ultrahigh Energy and Power Densities of d-MXene-Based Symmetric Supercapacitors

Here, rational design electrodes are fabricated by mixing MXene with an aqueous solution of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4). In order to prevent MXene from self-restacking, the groups of -OH on the surface of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets underwent a one-step simultaneous self-reduction from AuCl4-, generating spaces for rapid ion transit. Additionally, by using this procedure, MXene’s surface oxidation can be decreased while preserving its physio-chemical properties. The interlayered MX/Au NPs that have been obtained are combined into a conducting network structure that offers more active electrochemical sites and improved mass transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface, both of which promote quick electron transfer during electrochemical reactions and excellent structural durability. The Ti3C2Tx-AuNPs film thus demonstrated a rate performance that was preferable to that of pure Ti3C2Tx film. According to the results of the characterization, the AuNPs effectively adorn the MXene nanosheets. Due to the renowned pseudocapacitance charge storage mechanism, MXene-based electrode materials also work well as supercapacitors in sulfuric acid, which is why MXene AuNPs electrodes have been tested in 3 M and 1 M H2SO4. The symmetric supercapacitors made of MXene and AuNPs have shown exceptional specific capacitance of 696.67 Fg−1 at 5 mVs−1 in 3 M H2SO4 electrolyte, and they can sustain 90% of their original capacitance for 5000 cycles. The highest energy and power density of this device, which operates within a 1.2 V potential window, are 138.4 Wh kg−1 and 2076 W kg−1, respectively. These findings offer a productive method for creating high-performance metal oxide-based symmetric capacitors and a straightforward, workable approach for improving MXene-based electrode designs, which can be applied to other electro-chemical systems that are ion transport-restricted, such as metal ion batteries and catalysis

Towards the ultimate PMT waveform analysis for neutrino and dark matter experiments

Photomultiplier tube (PMT) voltage waveforms are the raw data of many neutrino and dark matter experiments. Waveform analysis is the cornerstone of data processing. We evaluate the performance of all the waveform analysis algorithms known to us and find fast stochastic matching pursuit the best in accuracy. Significant time (up to 2 times) and energy (up to 1.07 times) resolution boosts are attainable with fast stochastic matching pursuit, approaching theoretical limits. Other methods also outperform the traditional threshold crossing approach in time resolution.Comment: Source code is hosted at https://github.com/heroxbd/waveform-analysi

Agrp neurons mediate Sirt1's action on the melanocortin system and energy balance: roles for Sirt1 in neuronal firing and synaptic plasticity

Sirt1 has been associated with various effects of calorie restriction, including an increase in lifespan. Here we show in mice that a central regulatory component in energy metabolism, the hypothalamic melanocortin system, is affected by Sirt1, which promotes the activity and connectivity of this system resulting in negative energy balance. In adult mice, the pharmacological inhibition of brain Sirt1 activity decreased Agrp neuronal activity and the inhibitory tone on the anorexigenic POMC neurons, as measured by the number of synaptic inputs to these neurons. When a Sirt1 inhibitor (EX-527) was injected either peripherally (i.p., 10 mg/kg) or directly into the brain (i.c.v., 1.5 nmol/mouse), it decreased both food intake during the dark cycle and ghrelin-induced food intake. This effect on feeding is mediated by upstream melanocortin receptors, because the MC4R antagonist, SHU9119, reversed Sirt1's effect on food intake. This action of Sirt1 required an appropriate shift in the mitochondrial redox state: in the absence of such an adaptation enabled by the mitochondrial protein, UCP2, Sirt1-induced cellular and behavioral responses were impaired. In accordance with the pharmacological results, the selective knock-out of Sirt1 in hypothalamic Agrp neurons through the use of Cre-Lox technology decreased electric responses of Agrp neurons to ghrelin and decreased food intake, leading to decreased lean mass, fat mass, and body weight. The present data indicate that Sirt1 has a central mode of action by acting on the NPY/Agrp neurons to affect body metabolism