2,711 research outputs found
Optical and X-ray Variability in The Least Luminous AGN, NGC4395
We report the detection of optical and X-ray variability in the least
luminous known Seyfert galaxy, NGC4395. The featureless continuum changed by a
factor of 2 in 6 months, which is typical of more luminous AGN. The largest
variation was seen at shorter wavelengths, so that the spectrum becomes
`harder' during higher activity states. In a one week optical broad band
monitoring program, a 20% change was seen between successive nights. In a 1
month period the spectral shape changed from a power law with spectral index
alpha ~0 (characteristic of quasars) to a spectral index alpha ~2 (as observed
in other dwarf AGN). ROSAT HRI and PSPC archive data show a variable X-ray
source coincident with the galactic nucleus. A change in X-ray flux by a factor
\~2 in 15 days has been observed. When compared with more luminous AGN, NGC4395
appears to be very X-ray quiet. The hardness ratio obtained from the PSPC data
suggests that the spectrum could be absorbed. We also report the discovery of
weak CaIIK absorption, suggesting the presence of a young stellar cluster
providing of the order of 10% of the blue light. Using HST UV archive data,
together with the optical and X-ray observations, we examine the spectral
energy distribution for NGC4395 and discuss the physical conditions implied by
the nuclear activity under the standard AGN model. The observations can be
explained by either an accreting massive black hole emitting at about 10^(-3)
L_(Edd) or by a single old compact SNR with an age of 50 to 500 yr generated by
a small nuclear starburst.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figures, to appear in MNRA
POTENSI DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS (DRPS) PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTIDIABETES PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT KALOORAN GMIM AMURANG
POTENSI DRUG RELATED PROBLEMS (DRPS) PENGGUNAAN OBAT ANTIDIABETES PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2 DI INSTALASI RAWAT INAP RUMAH SAKIT KALOORAN GMIM AMURANGClaudia Pingkan Lira1), Widya Astuty Lolo1), Defny Silvia Wewengkang1)1)Program Studi Farmasi FMIPA UNSRAT Manado, 95115 ABSTRACT The management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with prolonged drug therapy might affect the life qualities of patients and lead to Drug Related Problems (DRPs). Several types of DRPs frequently occur and they result in sub-optimum treatment, increased side effects and expensive costs. This study aims to determine the type of DRPs and percentage of DRPs based on the administration of antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus period of June 2015 – July 2016. This research is a descriptive study with retrospective data retrieval. Collecting data technique was purposive sampling and got 45 samples according to research inclusion criteria The results of evaluation of potential Drug Related Problems (DRPs) that occurred based on the administration of antidiabetic drug about 75.55% (34 patients) with DRPs according to consecutive categories, namely drug interactions of 60% (27 patients), contraindicated medication of 4.44% (2 patients) and ineffective drug therapy of 35.55% (16 patients) while for the category requiring additional therapy, unnecessary drug therapy, too high dose or too low, were not found in this study. Keywords: Drug Related Problems, diabetes mellitus type 2, antidiabetic drugs ABSTRAK Penatalaksanaan Diabetes Mellitus tipe II dengan terapi obat memerlukan jangka waktu yang lama, dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien dan juga dapat menimbulkan Drug Related Problems (DRPs). DRPs sering terjadi dan menyebabkan pengobatan kurang optimal, efek samping meningkat dan biaya pengobatan menjadi mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis DRPs dan persentase DRPs berdasarkan pemberian obat antidiabetes pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2 periode Juni 2015-Juli 2016. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pengambilan data secara retrospektif .Teknik pengambilan data berupa purposive sampling dan didapatkan 45 sampel yang sesuai kriteria inklusi penelitian. Hasil evaluasi potensi Drug Related Problems (DRPs) yang terjadi berdasarkan pemberian obat antidiabetes sebesar 75.55% (34 pasien) dengan DRPs menurut kategori secara berturut-turut yaitu interaksi obat sebesar 60% (27 pasien), obat terkontraindikasi sebesar 4.44% (2 pasien) dan terapi obat tidak efektif sebesar 35.55% (16 pasien) sedangkan untuk kategori membutuhkan terapi tambahan, terapi obat tidak perlu, dosis terlalu tinggi dan dosis terlalu rendah, tidak didapati dari penelitian ini. Kata Kunci : Drug Related Problems, diabetes mellitus tipe 2, obat antidiabetik.
Short time-scale optical variability of the dwarf Seyfert nucleus in NGC 4395
We present optical spectroscopic observations of the least-luminous known
Seyfert 1 galaxy, NGC 4395, which was monitored every half-hour over the course
of 3 nights. The continuum emission varied by ~35 per cent over the course of 3
nights, and we find marginal evidence for greater variability in the blue
continuum than the red. A number of diagnostic checks were performed on the
data in order to constrain any systematic or aperture effects. No correlations
were found that adequately explained the observed variability, hence we
conclude that we have observed real intrinsic variability of the nuclear
source. No simultaneous variability was measured in the broad H-beta line,
although given the difficulty in deblending the broad and narrow components it
is difficult to comment on the significance of this result. The observed short
time-scale continuum variability is consistent with NGC 4395 having an
intermediate-mass (~10^5 solar masses) central supermassive black hole, rather
than a very low accretion rate. Comparison with the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548
shows that the observed variability seems to scale with black hole mass in
roughly the manner expected in accretion models. However the absolute
time-scale of variability differs by several orders of magnitude from that
expected in simple accretion disc models in both cases.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, 5 tables, accepted for publication in MNRA
Type Iax Supernovae
Type Iax supernovae (SN Iax), also called SN 2002cx-like supernovae, are the
largest class of peculiar white dwarf (thermonuclear) supernovae, with over
fifty members known. SN Iax have lower ejecta velocity and lower luminosities,
and these parameters span a much wider range, than normal type Ia supernovae
(SN Ia). SN Iax are spectroscopically similar to some SN Ia near maximum light,
but are unique among all supernovae in their late-time spectra, which never
become fully nebular. SN Iax overwhelmingly occur in late-type host galaxies,
implying a relatively young population. The SN Iax 2012Z is the only white
dwarf supernova for which a pre-explosion progenitor system has been detected.
A variety of models have been proposed, but one leading scenario has emerged: a
type Iax supernova may be a pure-deflagration explosion of a carbon-oxygen (or
hybrid carbon-oxygen-neon) white dwarf, triggered by helium accretion to the
Chandrasekhar mass, that does not necessarily fully disrupt the star.Comment: Author version of a chapter in the 'Handbook of Supernovae', edited
by A. Alsabti and P. Murdin, Springer. 31 pages, 6 figure
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