Study on the influence of scaffold morphology and structure on osteogenic performance

The number of patients with bone defects caused by various bone diseases is increasing yearly in the aging population, and people are paying increasing attention to bone tissue engineering research. Currently, the application of bone tissue engineering mainly focuses on promoting fracture healing by carrying cytokines. However, cytokines implanted into the body easily cause an immune response, and the cost is high; therefore, the clinical treatment effect is not outstanding. In recent years, some scholars have proposed the concept of tissue-induced biomaterials that can induce bone regeneration through a scaffold structure without adding cytokines. By optimizing the scaffold structure, the performance of tissue-engineered bone scaffolds is improved and the osteogenesis effect is promoted, which provides ideas for the design and improvement of tissue-engineered bones in the future. In this study, the current understanding of the bone tissue structure is summarized through the discussion of current bone tissue engineering, and the current research on micro-nano bionic structure scaffolds and their osteogenesis mechanism is analyzed and discussed

Dietary Modulation of Gut Microbiota Contributes to Alleviation of Both Genetic and Simple Obesity in Children

Gut microbiota has been implicated as a pivotal contributing factor in diet-related obesity; however, its role in development of disease phenotypes in human genetic obesity such as Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) remains elusive. In this hospitalized intervention trial with PWS (n = 17) and simple obesity (n = 21) children, a diet rich in non-digestible carbohydrates induced significant weight loss and concomitant structural changes of the gut microbiota together with reduction of serum antigen load and alleviation of inflammation. Co-abundance network analysis of 161 prevalent bacterial draft genomes assembled directly from metagenomic datasets showed relative increase of functional genome groups for acetate production from carbohydrates fermentation. NMR-based metabolomic profiling of urine showed diet-induced overall changes of host metabotypes and identified significantly reduced trimethylamine N-oxide and indoxyl sulfate, host-bacteria co-metabolites known to induce metabolic deteriorations. Specific bacterial genomes that were correlated with urine levels of these detrimental co-metabolites were found to encode enzyme genes for production of their precursors by fermentation of choline or tryptophan in the gut. When transplanted into germ-free mice, the pre-intervention gut microbiota induced higher inflammation and larger adipocytes compared with the post-intervention microbiota from the same volunteer. Our multi-omics-based systems analysis indicates a significant etiological contribution of dysbiotic gut microbiota to both genetic and simple obesity in children, implicating a potentially effective target for alleviation

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 Induces Avian β-Defensin Gene Expression in Chickens.

Host defense peptides (HDPs) play a critical role in innate immunity. Specific modulation of endogenous HDP synthesis by dietary compounds has been regarded as a novel approach to boost immunity and disease resistance in animal production. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) is well known as a powerful HDP inducer in humans, but limited information about the effect of 1,25D3 on HDPs in poultry is available. Here, we sought to examine whether 1,25D3 could stimulate avian β-defensin (AvBD) expression in chickens. We used chicken embryo intestinal epithelial cells (CEIEPCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to study the effect of 1,25D3 on the expression of AvBDs. We observed that 1,25D3 is able to up-regulate the expression of several AvBDs in CEIEPCs and PBMCs, whereas it increased the amounts of AvBD4 mRNA in CEIEPCs only in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the other hand, LPS treatment not only inhibited the expression of CYP24A1 but also altered the expression pattern of VDR in CEIEPCs. Furthermore, AvBDs were not directly regulated by 1,25D3, as cycloheximide completely blocked 1,25D3-induced expression of AvBDs. Our observations suggest that 1,25D3 is capable of inducing AvBD gene expression and is a potential antibiotic alternative through augmentation of host innate immunity as well as disease control in chickens

Effects of 1,25D₃ on the expression of AvBDs with or without the presence of LPS.

<p>CEIEPCs were treated with 20 ng/mL of 1,25D and 800 μg/mL for 12h. The relative gene expression was measured by qPCR and normalized to <i>GAPDH</i>. Each bar represents mean ± SD of the results from 2–3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. The bars without the same letter indicate differences significant at <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

Effects of 1,25D₃ on the expression of AvBDs with or without the presence of LPS.

<p>CEIEPCs were treated with 20 ng/mL of 1,25D and 800 μg/mL for 12h. The relative gene expression was measured by qPCR and normalized to <i>GAPDH</i>. Each bar represents mean ± SD of the results from 2–3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. The bars without the same letter indicate differences significant at <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D₃ Induces Avian β-Defensin Gene Expression in Chickens - Fig 4

<p>The synergy effect of 1,25D₃ and LPS on the expression of <i>AvBD4</i> (A), <i>AvBD9</i> (B), <i>CYP24A1</i> (C) and the <i>VDR</i> (D). CEIEPCs were incubated with indicated concentrations of 1,25D₃ with or without 800 μg/mL LPS for 12h. Data are shown mean ± SD from 2–3 independent experiments. The bars without the same letter indicate differences significant at <i>P</i> < 0.05.</p

Detail information of primers used in real-time PCR analysis.

<p>Detail information of primers used in real-time PCR analysis.</p

Relative expression levels of AvBDs in CEIEPCs.

<p>CEIEPCs were incubated with complete medium for 12h, followed by RNA isolation and real-time RT-PCR analysis of all 14 AvBDs. Expression levels of all AvBDs were calculated relative to that of <i>AvBD3</i> using GAPDH as a reference gene. Each bar represents mean ± SD of the results from two independent experiments performed in triplicate. <i>AvBD8</i>, <i>AvBD11</i>, and <i>AvBD13</i> were not reliably detected within 40 real-time PCR cycles, and therefore, were not shown.</p