Developing a Systematic Process for Mobile Surveying and Analysis of WLAN security

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), familiarly known as Wi-Fi, is one of the most used wireless networking technologies. WLANs have rapidly grown in popularity since the release of the original IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard in 1997. We are using our beloved wireless internet connection for everything and are connecting more and more devices into our wireless networks in every form imaginable. As the number of wireless network devices keeps increasing, so does the importance of wireless network security. During its now over twenty-year life cycle, a multitude of various security measures and protocols have been introduced into WLAN connections to keep our wireless communication secure. The most notable security measures presented in the 802.11 standard have been the encryption protocols Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA). Both encryption protocols have had their share of flaws and vulnerabilities, some of them so severe that the use of WEP and the first generation of the WPA protocol have been deemed irredeemably broken and unfit to be used for WLAN encryption. Even though the aforementioned encryption protocols have been long since deemed fatally broken and insecure, research shows that both can still be found in use today. The purpose of this Master’s Thesis is to develop a process for surveying wireless local area networks and to survey the current state of WLAN security in Finland. The goal has been to develop a WLAN surveying process that would at the same time be efficient, scalable, and easily replicable. The purpose of the survey is to determine to what extent are the deprecated encryption protocols used in Finland. Furthermore, we want to find out in what state is WLAN security currently in Finland by observing the use of other WLAN security practices. The survey process presented in this work is based on a WLAN scanning method called Wardriving. Despite its intimidating name, wardriving is simply a form of passive wireless network scanning. Passive wireless network scanning is used for collecting information about the surrounding wireless networks by listening to the messages broadcasted by wireless network devices. To collect our research data, we conducted wardriving surveys on three separate occasions between the spring of 2019 and early spring of 2020, in a typical medium-sized Finnish city. Our survey results show that 2.2% out of the located networks used insecure encryption protocols and 9.2% of the located networks did not use any encryption protocol. While the percentage of insecure networks is moderately low, we observed during our study that private consumers are reluctant to change the factory-set default settings of their wireless network devices, possibly exposing them to other security threats

Biofore-konseptiauton selektiivisen pelkistyskatalysaattorijärjestelmän suunnittelu, toteutus ja säätö

Työn tavoitteena oli suunnitella ja toteuttaa Biofore-konseptiautoon selektiivinen pelkistys-katalysaattorijärjestelmä sekä vähentää ajoneuvon ajovastuksia niin, että tehtyjen muutos-töiden avulla ajoneuvo saadaan alittamaan EU-tyyppihyväksyntämenetelmän mukaisesti sen rekisteröintiin vaadittavat säänneltyjen päästöjen raja-arvot. Työssä tutustaan yleisesti dieselmoottorin pakokaasupäästöjen muodostumiseen sekä hal-lintaan, mutta erityisesti keskitytään typenoksidipäästöihin ja niiden selektiiviseen katalyytti-seen pelkistämiseen. Lisäksi työssä kerrotaan selektiivisen pelkistyskatalysaattori- eli SCR-järjestelmän ja sen komponenttien toiminnasta autokäytössä. Tavoitteisiin päästiin kun ajoneuvo alitti Euro 5b -päästöraja-arvot säädösten mukaisessa päästömittauksessa. Työn tuloksena syntyi täysin säädettävissä oleva nykyaikainen diesel-auton päästöjenhallintajärjestelmä, jota voidaan käyttää Metropolia Ammattikorkeakoulun opetuskäytössä. Lisäksi Biofore on nyt mahdollista rekisteröidä tieliikenteeseen. Kun tuoretta päästömittaustulosta verrataan ennen SCR-järjestelmän lisäystä tehtyyn mit-taukseen, voidaan järjestelmän todeta olevan hyvin tehokas keino vähentää dieselauton typenoksidipäästöjä. Edelliseen mittaukseen nähden auton muutostöillä saavutettiin noin 81 % pienemmät typenoksidipäästöt.The objective of this Bachelor’s thesis was to reduce nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions of the Biofore Concept Car to a level that the car could be registered as a road legal vehicle in Europe. The means to achieve the objective were to design and engineer a selective cata-lytic reduction system in addition to optimize the vehicle dynamics to reduce the road load. The thesis discusses the regulated exhaust emissions of a diesel-powered car. The focus is on the NOX emissions and their selective catalytic reduction. The thesis describes how a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system functions and how it can be implemented on a passenger car. The objective was reached as the car successfully passed an official emissions test with Euro 5b emission standard limits. The SCR system worked as expected and provided a decrease of approximately 81 % in the car’s NOX emissions compared to a similar test car-ried out before the modifications. The system is fully adjustable and can be used as educational equipment in Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences. Also, the car is now road legal in regard to its exhaust emissions. In conclusion, the SCR system can be found as a very effective way to reduce the NOX emissions of a diesel-powered car

LASERKEILAUS LIPERIN MEIJERIRAKENNUKSEN 3D-MALLINNUKSESSA JA LASERKEILAUKSEN MITTATARKKUUS

Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten laserkeilauksella tuotettu pistepilvi saadaan tuotua AutoDesk Revit-ohjelmaan ja tutkia Liperin meijerirakennuksen laserkeilauksen mittatarkkuutta pistepilvimallista ja paikan päällä tehtyjen mittausten avulla. Lisäksi tutkittiin pistepilven hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia Autodesk Revit-ohjelmistolla tietomallintamisen kannalta, sekä tietomallin muita tieto- ja rakennusteknisiä käyttömahdollisuuksia. Opinnäytetyö tehtiin Aavakax Oy:n toimeksiannosta ja laserkeilaus toteutettiin Riveria Ammattioppilaitoksen maanmittausalan kanssa yhteistyössä syksyllä 2020. Opinnäytetyössä havaitsimme, että tällä menetelmällä saadaan tuotettua visuaalisesti tarkka malli, jonka mittatarkkuus on suhteellisen luotettava. Mittatarkkuudessa päästiin helposti alle menetelmä yleisenä käytetyn mittatarkkuuden <20mm. Lisäksi pohdimme millä toimenpiteillä mallin mittatarkkuutta voisi parantaa ja mitä käyttötarkoituksia mallilla voisi jatkossa olla. Tällaisia toimenpiteitä ovat esimerkiksi kohteen parempi siivous ja irtonaisten pintamateriaalien poistamisella

The 13th International Conference on Ambient Systems, Networks and Technologies (ANT) / The 5th International Conference on Emerging Data and Industry 4.0 (EDI40)

In this article, we present an analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effects on Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) security and abundance in Southwest Finland. We hypothesised that the drastic increase in telecommuting caused by the pandemic would encourage many to update obsolete WLAN devices, improving the state of WLAN security and increasing WLAN deployment in the survey region. To test our hypotheses, data from seven WLAN surveys carried out between February 2020 and October 2021 was analysed. Surprisingly, although the results show a 50.2% increase in WLAN deployment during the second and fourth waves of the pandemic, this had no significant effect on WLAN security in the survey region. The survey data shows little change in the number of unencrypted networks and networks configured with vulnerable encryption protocols. While most of the located networks were encrypted with the secure WPA2 protocol, the number of networks configured with the newest WPA3 has not notably increased. </p