94 research outputs found

    KolhydratsammansÀttning och in vitro-gasproduktion i grÀs vid simulerat hÀstbete

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    HÀsten Àr en grÀsÀtare som kan livnÀra sig pÄ fiberrikt betesgrÀs som för mÄnga hÀstar utgör en stor del av dieten under sommaren. BetesgrÀs Àr i förÀnderligt tillstÄnd genom avbetning dÀr faktorer som bland annat grÀsets genetiska kapacitet, botaniskt utvecklingsstadium och klimat pÄverkar den nÀringsmÀssiga kvaliteten. Det saknas kunskap om hur avbetning vid upprepade tidpunkter inverkar pÄ kolhydratsamman-sÀttningen hos olika grÀsarter och om eller hur detta inverkar pÄ hÀstens grovtarms-fermentation. Grovtarmsfermentation Àr svÄrt att mÀta, men kan estimeras genom vo-lymen producerad gas i in vitro-system dÀr grÀsprov inokuleras med trÀck frÄn hÀst. I denna studie undersöktes dÀrför kolhydratsammansÀttning och in vitro-gasprodukt-ion (med hÀsttrÀck som inokulant) hos sex olika grÀsarter som provtagits vid fyra olika tidpunkter som en simulerad betessÀsong. De grÀsarter som undersöktes var engelskt rajgrÀs (Lolium perenne), foderlosta (Bromus inermis), hundÀxing (Dactylis glomerata), rörsvingel (Festuca arundinacea), timotej (Phleum pratense) och Àngs-svingel (Festuca pratensis). Resultatet pÄvisade att det fanns interaktionseffekter mellan grÀsart och avbetningstidpunkt pÄ den kemiska sammansÀttningen i grÀspro-verna. Detta betyder att alla grÀsarter inte svarade likadant pÄ upprepad avbetning och foderlosta verkade inte klara den upprepade avbetningen dÄ ÄtervÀxten var lÄg. Engelskt rajgrÀs hade ett högt innehÄll av lÀttlösliga kolhydrater (WSC) och lÄgt in-nehÄll av fiber samtidigt som hundÀxing hade ett lÄgt innehÄll av WSC och högt in-nehÄll av fiber i relation till de övriga grÀsarterna. InnehÄllet av WSC och fiber hade generellt positiv respektive negativ korrelation med den totala gasproduktionen. GrÀsarter med högt innehÄll av WSC skulle dÀrmed kunna orsaka större gasbildning, medan arter med högre fiberinnehÄll kan ge lÀgre gasbildning bÄde in vitro och in vivo. Det kan ha betydelse för grÀsartens lÀmplighet i bete för olika kategorier av hÀstar, dÄ stor och snabb gasproduktion kan innebÀra grovtarmsstörningar.The horse is a grass eater and can survive on fiber-rich pasture grass which con-tributes to a great part of the diet for many horses during summer. Pasture grass is constantly changing during frequent grazing, as factors like genetic capacity of the grass, stage of plant maturity and climate can affect the nutritional quality. There is lack of knowledge on how repeated grazing influence the carbohydrate composition in various grass species, and whether or how this further affects the fermentation in the hindgut of the horse. The hindgut fermentation is difficult to measure but can be estimated through the volume of produced gas in in vitro systems where grass sam-ples are inoculated with horse faeces. In this study the carbohydrate composition and gas production from in vitro fermentation (with horse faeces as inocula) of six grass species harvested at four different times as a simulated grazing season were studied. The examined grass species were cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), bromegrass (Bro-mus inermis), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and timothy (Phleum pratense). The re-sults showed that interaction effects between grass species and grazing time were present for chemical composition in the grass samples. This means that all grass spe-cies did not respond similarly to repeated grazing, and bromegrass did not seem to cope with the repeated grazing due to a low regrowth. Perennial ryegrass had high content of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and low concentration of fiber, while cocksfoot hade a low content of WSC and high concentration of fiber in relation to the other grass species. The concentration of WSC had a positive correlation while the fiber content had a negative correlation with the total amount of produced gas. Thus, grass species with a high content of WSC may lead to greater gas formation, while species with higher fiber content may result in lower gas production. This may be of importance for hindgut fermentation disturbances in horses and therefore dif-ferent grass species may have a varied suitability for pasture for different categories of horses

    Coarse-Grained Model for Phospholipid/Cholesterol Bilayer

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    We construct a coarse-grained (CG) model for dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)/cholesterol bilayers and apply it to large-scale simulation studies of lipid membranes. Our CG model is a two-dimensional representation of the membrane, where the individual lipid and sterol molecules are described by point-like particles. The effective intermolecular interactions used in the model are systematically derived from detailed atomic-scale molecular dynamics simulations using the Inverse Monte Carlo technique, which guarantees that the radial distribution properties of the CG model are consistent with those given by the corresponding atomistic system. We find that the coarse-grained model for the DPPC/cholesterol bilayer is substantially more efficient than atomistic models, providing a speed-up of approximately eight orders of magnitude. The results are in favor of formation of cholesterol-rich and cholesterol-poor domains at intermediate cholesterol concentrations, in agreement with the experimental phase diagram of the system. We also explore the limits of the novel coarse-grained model, and discuss the general validity and applicability of the present approach

    How could a SME supplier\u27s value chain be evaluated by circular production principles?

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    Increased demands for circularity in manufacturing industry put pressure on transformation in order to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Small-and-medium-sized-enterprises (SME)\u27s have an important role, supplying value chains with material and components for larger companies and original-equipment-manufacturers (OEMs). SME suppliers\u27 net environmental footprint contributes to the OEM\u27s overall footprint, however, SME suppliers are characterized by limited resources and competence to perform circularity activities. SME net environmental footprint consists of both production related targets combined with product related targets. Circular product performance evaluation have raised a demand for easy-to-use, self-assisting tools as a complement or substitute for standardised life-cycle-assessment (LCA) methods, often considered as costly with advanced calculations, and highlights the need for the development of accessible tools and guides that support the SMEs\u27 circularity work. An established industrial tool based on previous research called the Green Performance Map (GPM), has successfully been used to assist circularity performance in production operations. This paper sets out to test the GPM tool in a new setting, addressing circularity in an extended value chain context, including three main areas; production and sourcing, product use and product end-of-life. The research presented is based on an in-depth case study with an interactive research approach and aims to explore how to reach a full value chain perspective on circularity in production. The result indicates that a joint and inclusive collaboration centred on the adapted GPM-tool, identifies and structures circular production principles as well as product use and end-of-life performance as a basis for evaluation. Findings from research study show that a comprehensive input-output tool could be used with limited competence and time, achieve increased employee awareness of circularity in the product value chain. This single case study brings a small empirical contribution to existing literature on SME circular production transformation, however it clearly shows on the urgency to evaluate circularity along the value chain in order to support a full industrial circular production transformation

    Forage for horses : differences between conservation methods and its impact on the digestion of the horse

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    HÀsten Àr en grÀsÀtare anpassad för att livnÀra sig pÄ fiberrikt grovfoder. FÀrskt grÀs eller konserverat vallfoder Àr dÀrmed den viktigaste delen i hÀstens foderstat. Hö Àr det vanligaste vallfodret bland svenska hÀsthÄllare, men allt fler vÀljer att utfodra med inplastat vallfoder. Konserveringsmetoderna för de olika vallfodertyperna skiljer sig Ät. Höberedning Àr den mest traditionella metoden dÀr vallgrödan torkas. Vid ensilering förtorkas grödan och förpackas sedan anaerobt. Konservering av hösilage liknar ensilering men förtorkningen sker i en högre utstrÀckning innan grödan förpackas syrefritt. Dessa olika metoder leder till att det konserverade vallfodret kommer att skilja sig Ät i kemisk och mikrobiell sammansÀttning, vilket gör det intressant att veta om och i sÄdana fall hur hÀstens digestion och konsumtion pÄverkas av dessa skillnader. Studier har visat att hÀstens digestion, dess frivilliga foderintag eller fodrets smÀltbarhet inte pÄverkas i nÄgon större utstrÀckning av vilken metod vallfodret har konserverats med. Det finns vÀldigt fÄ studier pÄ hur hÀstens preferens kan pÄverkas av vilken konserveringsmetod som anvÀnds. BÄde vattenintag och vÀtskeförlust kan pÄverkas av vilken typ av vallfoder som hÀsten utfodras med. Hur mycket hÀsten dricker pÄverkas bland annat av vatteninnehÄllet i vallfodret. Det totala vattenintaget, men Àven vÀtskeförlusten, har visats vara högst vid utfodring av ensilage. Med avseende pÄ hÀstens digestion, frivilligt foderintag samt fodrets smÀltbarhet kan mindre vikt lÀggas pÄ vilken konserveringsmetod som har anvÀnts vid val av vallfoder till hÀst.The horse is a grass eater adapted to survive on roughage with high-fiber content. Fresh grass or conserved forage is therefore the most important part of the diet. Hay is the most commonly used forage among Swedish horse keepers, but the use of wrapped forage increases. The conservation methods for different forage types differ. Hay-making is a traditional method where the forage crop is dried to a large extent to low moisture content. Ensiling includes pre-wilting the crops before storing it in anaerobic conditions. The conservation method for haylage is similar to ensiling, but the crop is wilted to a greater extent before storing it anaerobically. These different methods lead to differences in chemical and microbial composition of the forage, which makes it interesting to know if and how these changes influence digestion, consumption and digestibility of the different forage types in horses. Studies have shown that equine digestion, voluntary intake and forage digestibility is not affected to any large extent by the conservation method used for the forage. There are very few studies on how the horse preference for different forage types can be influences by the conservation method. Both water intake and fluid loss are influenced by the type of forage used. Water intake by drinking is affected e.g. by the water content of the feed. The total water intake and fluid loss has been found to be higher when feeding silage. With regard to digestion, voluntary intake and feed digestibility, the conservation method used is not of primary importance when selecting forages for horses

    Intracellular and peptide interactions of C-peptide

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    Proinsulin C-peptide is depleted together with insulin in type I diabetic patients. The supplement of insulin to these patients is necessary for their survival, but it is also likely that the loss of C-peptide may contribute to both short- and long-term complications. In this thesis, molecular effects of C-peptide have been investigated. In particular, nuclear effects of C-peptide and C-peptide involved in oligomerization have been studied, as well as method development to facilitate further protein interaction analysis. C-peptide is a small peptide hormone with known membrane-binding properties that is thought to stimulate G-protein coupled receptor associated pathways. In this thesis we report that C-peptide not only acts extracellularly, but that it is internalized via specific mechanims and interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. We show that C-peptide is transferred to the nucleus, and specifically to the rRNA-synthesizing organelle nucleolus where it stimulates transcription of rDNA. Transcription of rDNA is related to a complex of proteins at the promoter region including histone 4 that gets acetylated upon interaction with C-peptide. We further link this transcriptional activity of C-peptide to proliferation in a model system relevant to the bone growth retardation observed in type I diabetic patients suffering from fractures. To understand more of C-peptide’s effects on the basis of the transcriptional activity observed, a genome analysis of proximal tubular cells isolated from type I diabetic rats was performed. It revealed that C-peptide within 2 hrs exerts tight effects on transcription with ~500 genes affected and the majority of them being repressed. This observation suggests that C-peptide treatment corrects malfunctioning pathways, especially pathways of circulatory and inflammatory diseases.We have also studied oligomerization of C-peptide, and find that C-peptide oligomers are disrupted by insulin in addition to a previous study reporting that C-peptide disrupts insulin hexamers. The C-peptide oligomers are formed via electrostatic interactions, and can further lead to aggregates with a high content of ß-sheets. In summary, this thesis provides data on C-peptide being an intracrine hormone with intracellular effects in addition to having extracellular activity via classical endocrinological pathways. We also discuss the implications of the C-peptide oligomers we observe, which provide evidence that C-peptide may act as an insulin chaperone. It is evident that a fine-balanced homestasis of C-peptide is necessary for optimal health in both type I and II diabetic patients

    Applying tools for end of use outlook in design for recirculation

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    Circular economy is widely embraced as one major path towards sustainability goals by contributing to resource efficiency and reaching climate targets. The research need at hand lies in how to implement changes. To achieve a circular system, design for recirculation is advised when introducing new products and production processes. However, in practical applications it is a challenge to foresee the complex nature of a real circular production system with many stakeholders in a system in transition. Product systems are embedded in a use context, where the user is a key stakeholder. Collection and systematization of experience and ideas from the field is here a key. This research draws on the experiences of assessing and improve circulation in industrial practice deploying the Recirculation Strategies Decision Tree and the Eco-design-strategy-wheel. Through two case studies, practitioners have been supported in action to evaluate their products and production processes in term of circularity. Cases showed a process from current status and recirculation challenges to a more circular future state in production and end of life was scrutinized. As a result, emphasis differed between the two tools. The Eco strategy wheel supported product design phase with an engineering perspective, The Recirculation Strategies Decision Tree on end-of-life phase with a market perspective. Common for both tools was the dependency on user or operator\u27s handling. Outcome from this study is to emphasise the importance on social dimension in CE/user role in a circular product system. The interactive, user centered research with manufacturing companies is suggested for development to effectively close product loops

    Organic broiler : from construction to sales

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    Ekologisk kycklingproduktion Ă€r försvinnande liten jĂ€mfört med konventionell produktion. En undersökning visar att marknad och ekonomi följt av komplexa regler Ă€r det som uppfattas som ekologisk kycklings största problem. Syftet med examensarbetet Ă€r att ge ett förslag till hur en modern produktion av ekologisk slaktkyckling kan gĂ„ till, samt var och hur den fĂ€rdiga produkten kan sĂ€ljas. En av de stora utmaningarna i Sverige Ă€r att det saknas lĂ„ngsamvĂ€xande hybrider. SĂ„dana raser underlĂ€ttar den ekologiska produktionen, dĂ€r kycklingarna ska bli 81 dagar gamla innan slakt enligt KRAVs regler. Övriga problem Ă€r hĂ€lsa hos djuren dĂ„ de inte fĂ„r behandlas förebyggande mot sjukdomar, dĂ€rför Ă€r god hygien avgörande. Ett annat problem Ă€r att fĂ„ till en bra betesdrift dĂ€r djuren inte för ofta kommer tillbaka till samma bete. Men Ă€ven det gĂ„r att lösa med stationĂ€ra stall dĂ€r betet delas upp i fĂ„llor dĂ€r kycklingarna kommer tillbaka med knappt ett Ă„rs mellanrum. I arbetet beskrivs Ă€ven problemen som uppstĂ„r vid slakt. Men det har visat sig att det finns ett slakteri i Vara som, inte i dagslĂ€get tar emot kycklingar, men sĂ€ger sig kunna göra det om behovet finns. Intervjuer med handlare och restauranger visar att efterfrĂ„gan och intresse för ekologisk och dessutom nĂ€rproducerad kyckling, finns. Slutsatsen Ă€r att bygga och starta upp en produktion Ă€r inte okomplicerat, men inte heller överdrivet svĂ„rt. Problemen ligger snarare i slakt- och försĂ€ljningsleden, men Ă€ven dĂ€r finns fungerande lösningar.Organic chicken production is negligible compared to conventional production. A survey shows that marketing and finance, followed by complex rules is what is perceived as organic chicken's biggest problem. The purpose of this study is to provide a proposal for how a modern production of organic broilers can look like, and where and how the ready product can be sold. One of the major challenges in Sweden is the lack of slow-growing hybrids. These breeds are necessary in organic production, where the chickens will be 81 days old before slaughter according to KRAV standards. The other problem is the health of the animals since they are not getting preventive treatment against disease, therefore, hygiene is crucial. Another problem is to get a good grazing where the chickens do not too often come back to the pasture. But even that can be solved with a stationary stable where the pasture is divided into pens where the chickens will come back with barely a year apart. The work also describes the problems around the slaughter. But it appears that there is a slaughterhouse in Vara, which is not in the current situation receiving chicks, but claim they can if the need exists. Interviews with retailers and restaurants, shows that the demand and interest in organic as well as locally produced chicken exists. The bottom line is, to build and start up a production is not straightforward, but not overly complex. The problem lies rather in the slaughter and marketing stages, but there are viable solutions even to this issue

    Collaboration to address a wicked problem : the case of certified palm oil

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    Corporations meet complex challenges as they operate on a global market. Global multidimensional problems are referred to wicked problems and which cannot be solved only managed. In this case, of certified palm oil, palm oil production can be seen as a wicked problem due to deforestation of rainforest, land grabbing and social conflicts. There are also conflicts regarding the value and interest of palm oil. This thesis investigates the Swedish transformation for certified palm oil and how actors in the Swedish food market address this transformation to have certified palm oil in their production. The aim of this thesis is to explain enabling factors to address the governance gap of ethical sourcing in the food industry. A qualitative case study is conducted on important actors that are involved in this transformation. Interviews from each organization were analyzed in comparison with existing literature in the area of corporate social responsibility and collaboration theory. Corporations have great impact on the natural environment, a matter of responsibility has shed light on a gap in governance. Corporations have to regulate their own business but smaller national food producers and retailers are not capable to address ethical sourcing of palm oil by themselves. Collaborative initiatives within the industry and even outside the industry involving external stakeholders i.e. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO) has brought new hopes on resolutions for palm oil production. Findings in this thesis are that collaboration within the industry is of high importance to the transformation of the industry. However industrial collaboration is not a solution, only a part of a resolution. External influence and a from other stakeholders such as NGOs and trade associations are needed when trying to resolve wicked problems. These kinds of collaboration take place in multi-stakeholder networks or initiatives are to prefer to fully understand and be a part of a resolution to wicked problems. Contrary to existing literature it is found that collaborative forms occur in different settings, industrial collaboration or with external stakeholders such as multi-stakeholder collaboration. Often these settings take place in a dialogue between all actors. Finding in this thesis is that both industrial collaboration and multi-stakeholder collaboration if of high importance to address governance gap in ethical sourcing.Företag som verkar pĂ„ en global marknad möter komplexa utmaningar och problem. Dessa komplexa flerdimensionella problem definieras som ‘wicked problems’. Fattigdom, terrorism och miljöförstöring Ă€r exempel pĂ„ wicked problems. Denna uppsats undersöker ett speciellt wicked problem; palmoljeproduktionen, ett allvarligt problem pĂ„ grund av regnskogsskövling, olaglig beslagtagning av mark och svĂ„ra sociala konflikter. Företag har en stor inverkan pĂ„ miljön som de verkar i vilket medför en diskussion om vem som bĂ€r ansvar för företagens agerande. HĂ€r belyses ofta en lucka i lagstiftningen nĂ€r det gĂ€ller företagens miljöpĂ„verkan. Företag mĂ„ste idag reglera sin egen verksamhet inom sociala och miljömĂ€ssiga aspekter gĂ€llande palmolja. Dock har inte mindre livsmedelsproducenter och Ă„terförsĂ€ljare resurser nog att genomföra detta. Samarbetsinitiativ inom branschen och Ă€ven utanför branschen som involverar externa intressenter, det vill sĂ€ga icke vinstdrivande organisationer, har medfört nya förhoppningar om dellösningar för den komplexa produktionen av palmolja. Uppsatsen belyser en fallstudie om hur betydande aktörer pĂ„ den svenska livsmedelsmarknaden arbetar för en omvandling till certifierad palmolja i sin produktion. Syftet med uppsatsen Ă€r att förklara möjliggörandefaktorer för arbete med ursprungskontroll gĂ€llande socialt ansvarstagande inom livsmedelsindustrin. En kvalitativ fallstudie med intervjuer Ă€r genomförd med aktörer pĂ„ den svenska livsmedelsmarknaden. Intervjuerna analyserades i relation med befintlig litteratur kring socialt ansvarstagande och företagssamarbeten. Slutsatserna av denna uppsats Ă€r att samarbete mellan olika livsmedelsföretag Ă€r av stor vikt för att förĂ€ndra marknaden. Dock Ă€r företagssamarbeten inte den enda lösningen. Samarbete med andra aktörer utanför livsmedelsbranschen Ă€r avgörande. Dessa aktörer kan vara icke vinstdrivande eller ideella organisationer. Samarbeten mellan dessa parter kan benĂ€mnas som ett flerpartssamarbete och viktiga för att slutligen kunna nĂ„ en lösning pĂ„ komplexa problem. Befintlig litteratur inom samarbeten mellan företag och andra organisationer skiljer inte pĂ„ dessa typer av samarbetsformer. Dock visar fallstudien om certifierad palmolja att samarbeten skiljer sig Ă„t. Samarbeten kan ske inom branschen, men ocksĂ„ med externa aktörer utanför branschen. BĂ„da dessa typer av samarbeten Ă€r av betydelse nĂ€r det gĂ€ller att arbeta med socialt ansvarstagande pĂ„ en global marknad. Ofta Ă€r dessa samarbeten utformade som en dialog mellan inblandade aktörer. Företagssamarbeten och flerpartsamarbete Ă€r av stor vikt för den svenska marknaden gĂ€llande reglering och ursprungskontroll av produkter

    Circulating food products

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    The problems related to food waste is gaining increased international attention, raising issues of environmental, economic and social character related to global food security and sustainable development. The European Union has recently increased its focus on food waste by adopting the Circular Economy Package where the reduction of food waste is identified as a key area. Similarly, the Swedish Government aims to reduce food waste in the entire food supply chain, stating that collaboration between different actors is necessary to succeed. Previous research on circular economy has primarily enabled macro level analysis, by focusing on policies rather than micro level initiatives that promote circular economy. Further, research on food waste has focused on reasons for the occurrence of waste at different stages in the food supply chain. However, less research has been conducted on research on food waste in the interface between suppliers and retailers. Therefore, the phenomenon of interest in this thesis is market initiatives developed by intermediary actors with the purpose of reducing food waste. This phenomenon is studied with a particular focus on the organisation as the unit of analysis. The intermediary organisations in this study are Matsmart, Food2change and Matcentralen, all operating in the Swedish food supply chain. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to identify and explicate market initiatives promoting a circular economy, developed by intermediary actors addressing issues of food waste in the interface between suppliers and retailers. This thesis follows a qualitative research design with an inductive approach to data and literature collection. It consists of a multiple case study on Matsmart, Food2change and Matcentralen. The primary source of data is semi-structured interviews with two representatives from each case, whereas the secondary sources of data is collected from the intermediary actors’ websites. The analysis of the empirical data is carried out by using the conceptual framework of social entrepreneurs, which also involves the selected theories on circular economy, the triple bottom line, creating shared value, social entrepreneurs and descriptive stakeholder perspective. The conceptual framework identifies three characteristics of social entrepreneurship; motivation originating from social and economic values, stakeholder value creation and business models as catalysts for societal change. This thesis identifies Matsmart, Food2change and Matcentralen as social entrepreneurs, where all three cases share a common motive of reducing food waste in the Swedish food supply chain. Matsmart is further motivated to gain a profit from its business, while Food2change and Matcentralen are motivated to improve the socioeconomic situation for their members. Similarly, all three cases create values of environmental character for their suppliers in terms of reduced food waste. In addition, Matsmart creates economic values for their suppliers. Food2change and Matcentralen focus on creating social and economic values for their members by involving them in the operations and by reducing their cost of food. Moreover, Matsmart, Food2change and Matcentralen have created business models that show characteristics and principles of circular economy. These results indicate that circular economy has the potential to operate on a micro level when initiated by social entrepreneurs, addressing issues of food waste.Problem relaterade till matsvinn har fĂ„tt ett ökat globalt intresse genom att lyfta frĂ„gor av miljömĂ€ssig, ekonomisk och social karaktĂ€r som relaterar till global livsmedelssĂ€kerhet och hĂ„llbar utveckling. Europeiska Unionen har nyligen ökat sitt fokus pĂ„ matsvinn genom att anta en plan för en cirkulĂ€r ekonomi, inom vilket matsvinn identifierats som ett huvudomrĂ„de. Den svenska regeringen Ă€mnar minska matsvinnet i hela den svenska livsmedelskedjan och poĂ€ngterar att samarbete mellan olika aktörer Ă€r vĂ€sentligt för att lyckas med detta. Tidigare forskning om cirkulĂ€r ekonomi har framförallt behandlat Ă€mnet pĂ„ makronivĂ„ samt fokuserat pĂ„ policys och inte analyserat initiativ som frĂ€mjar en cirkulĂ€r ekonomi pĂ„ mikronivĂ„. Vidare har tidigare forskning kring matsvinn frĂ€mst fokuserat pĂ„ varför matsvinn uppstĂ„r i olika led i livsmedelskedjan. DĂ€remot har begrĂ€nsad forskning utförts gĂ€llande matsvinn som uppstĂ„r mellan leverantörer och dagligvaruhandel. DĂ€rför Ă€r författarna till denna uppsats intresserade av att studera fenomenet kring marknadsinitiativ med mĂ„let att minska matsvinn som uppstĂ„r mellan leverantörer och dagligvaruhandel. Fenomenet studeras genom den utvalda enheten för analys; Matsmart, Food2change och Matcentralen, vilka Ă€r mellanhĂ€nder som arbetar för att minska matsvinnet i den svenska livsmedelskedjan. Syftet med denna uppsats Ă€r dĂ€rför att identifiera och förklara marknadsinitiativ, utvecklade av aktörer mellan leverantörer och detaljhandeln, som frĂ€mjar en cirkulĂ€r ekonomi med fokus pĂ„ problematiken kring matsvinn. Uppsatsen följer en kvalitativ forskningsdesign och har en induktiv ansats gentemot datainsamling och litteraturgenomgĂ„ng. Vidare Ă€r uppsatsen baserad pĂ„ en multipel fallstudie pĂ„ fallföretagen Matsmart, Food2change och Matcentralen. Den primĂ€ra datakĂ€llan Ă€r semi-strukturerade intervjuer med tvĂ„ representanter frĂ„n varje fallföretag medan de sekundĂ€ra kĂ€llorna för datainsamling Ă€r information frĂ„n fallföretagens hemsidor. Den empiriska datan Ă€r analyserad genom ett av författarna utvecklat ramverk för socialt entreprenörskap, vilket grundas i de utvalda teorierna om cirkulĂ€r ekonomi, triple bottom line, creating shared value, social entrepreneurs och det deskriptiva intressentperspektivet. Ramverket identifierar tre kĂ€nnetecken för socialt entreprenörskap; motivation som grundas i sociala och ekonomiska vĂ€rden, vĂ€rdeskapande för intressenter och affĂ€rsmodeller som agerar som katalysatorer för samhĂ€llsförĂ€ndringar. Uppsatsen identifierar Matsmart, Food2change och Matcentralen som sociala entreprenörer, som delar det gemensamma motivet att minska matsvinn i den svenska livsmedelskedjan. Matsmart motiveras ocksĂ„ av ett vinstintresse, medan Food2changes och Matcentralens motiveras av att förbĂ€ttra den socioekonomiska situationen för sina medlemmar. Alla tre fall skapar miljömĂ€ssiga vĂ€rden för sina leverantörer genom att minska deras matsvinn. Dessutom skapar Matsmart ekonomiska vĂ€rden för sina leverantörer. Food2change och Matcentralen skapar sociala och ekonomiska vĂ€rden för sina medlemmar genom att involvera dem i respektive verksamhet samt minska deras kostnader för mat. Vidare har Matsmart, Food2change och Matcentralen skapat affĂ€rsmodeller med kĂ€nnetecken och principer som Ă„terfinns i en cirkulĂ€r ekonomi. Resultaten indikerar att en cirkulĂ€r ekonomi som initieras av sociala entreprenörer med mĂ„let att minska matsvinn har potential att fungera pĂ„ mikronivĂ„

    Increasing landholdings : a big challenge for farmers?

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    Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur lantbruksföretag anvĂ€nder strategier vid utökning av Ă„kerareal samt vilka faktorer som pĂ„verkar strategierna. Åkermark Ă€r en nyckelresurs i lantbruksföretag och krĂ€vs för att producera livsmedel. I Sveriges slĂ€ttomrĂ„den ses en ökad konkurrens om Ă„kermarken pĂ„ grund av markens goda avkastning och det faktum att lantbruksföretagen omfattar allt mer Ă„kerareal. Strategier anvĂ€nds för att företaget ska nĂ„ sina uppsatta mĂ„l och visioner, vilket blir mer vĂ€sentligt dĂ„ konkurrensen frĂ„n andra aktörer pĂ„ marknaden Ă€r stor. AnvĂ€ndandet av en strategi kan Ă€ven skapa konkurrensfördelar Ă„t företaget. Uppsatsen bygger pĂ„ en kvalitativ ansats och fallstudier gjorda pĂ„ tre lantbruksföretag i slĂ€ttomrĂ„den i Östergötland. Vidare avgrĂ€nsning har gjorts dĂ„ uppsatsen endast innefattar lantbruksföretag som har genomfört en utökning av Ă„kermark. Det teoretiska avsnittet innehĂ„ller teorier gĂ€llande strategi, utveckling, konkurrens och faktorer som pĂ„verkar vid utökning av Ă„kerareal. Insamlingen av empirin har skett genom semistrukturerade direktintervjuer. Analysen grundar sig i teori och empiri och syftar till att visa hur vĂ€l empirin överensstĂ€mmer med teorin och i denna uppsats identifierades flera likheter mellan empirin och teorin. Slutsatserna i uppsatsen visar att det kan vara svĂ„rt att ha en strategi gĂ€llande utökning av Ă„kerareal dĂ„ det förekommer pĂ„verkande faktorer frĂ„n omvĂ€rlden som lantbrukaren inte kan styra över. Utökningen sker ofta successivt istĂ€llet för att utöka i ett stort antal hektar vid ett tillfĂ€lle. TillgĂ„ngen och priset pĂ„ Ă„kermark Ă€r betydande faktorer som pĂ„verkar valet av strategi för utveckling. Det sociala nĂ€tverket, företagarens egenskaper, geografiska omrĂ„de, kapacitetsutnyttjande Ă€r Ă€ven de faktorer som pĂ„verkar en utökning av Ă„kerareal. Ytterligare tvĂ„ betydande faktorer Ă€r lantbrukarens Ă„lder samt politiska beslut. Förslag till vidare forskning inom Ă€mnet skulle kunna innefatta intervjuer av unga lantbrukare för att se om strategier och resonemang skiljer sig Ă„t jĂ€mfört med Ă€ldre lantbrukare. Detta skulle ge ett vidare perspektiv och skapa en djupare förstĂ„else för möjliga strategier gĂ€llande utökning av Ă„kerareal inom lantbruksföretag.The aim of this study is to investigate farmer’s strategies and underlying factors regarding the increase of landholdings to create growth in the company. Farmland is an important resource in farming and is necessary for the production process. In prime agriculture land the competition is hard because of the high yields and farms growing in size. Strategies in companies are used to reach the companies goals and vision. With a competitive surrounding, strategy becomes more important otherwise the company might risk disappearing from the market. Case studies are the method used in this study. These case studies are based on three different farms located in Östergötland and where all three farms have increased farmland. The analysis is based on a theoretical frame of reference that includes theories related to strategies in companies, growth, competition and factors regarding increasing farmland. Conclusions in this study are that it can be difficult for farm companies to have a strategy affecting increasing farmland and these strategies are normally not planned for. A logical explanation for this is the surrounding environment that affects farmers and their possibilities for increasing farmland. The study also shows that increasing farmland normally happens in several steps instead of enlarging the farmland at one occasion. Important factors that influence the increasing farmland are supply and price on the farmland. Farmer’s social network, their properties, geographic location of the farm and the farmer’s age are also factors that influence an increase of farmland. This paper examines a relatively small unexplored research field and future studies might include younger farmers. Doing this might get another perceptive on the strategies and factors that affect increasing farmland
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