Constraining chemical transport PM_2.5 modeling outputs using surface monitor measurements and satellite retrievals: application over the San Joaquin Valley

Advances in satellite retrieval of aerosol type can improve the accuracy of near-surface air quality characterization by providing broad regional context and decreasing metric uncertainties and errors. The frequent, spatially extensive and radiometrically consistent instantaneous constraints can be especially useful in areas away from ground monitors and progressively downwind of emission sources. We present a physical approach to constraining regional-scale estimates of PM2.5, its major chemical component species estimates, and related uncertainty estimates of chemical transport model (CTM; e.g., the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model) outputs. This approach uses ground-based monitors where available, combined with aerosol optical depth and qualitative constraints on aerosol size, shape, and light-absorption properties from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) on the NASA Earth Observing System's Terra satellite. The CTM complements these data by providing complete spatial and temporal coverage. Unlike widely used approaches that train statistical regression models, the technique developed here leverages CTM physical constraints such as the conservation of aerosol mass and meteorological consistency, independent of observations. The CTM also aids in identifying relationships between observed species concentrations and emission sources.Aerosol air mass types over populated regions of central California are characterized using satellite data acquired during the 2013 San Joaquin field deployment of the NASA Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) project. We investigate the optimal application of incorporating 275&thinsp;m horizontal-resolution aerosol air-mass-type maps and total-column aerosol optical depth from the MISR Research Aerosol retrieval algorithm (RA) into regional-scale CTM output. The impact on surface PM2.5 fields progressively downwind of large single sources is evaluated using contemporaneous surface observations. Spatiotemporal R2 and RMSE values for the model, constrained by both satellite and surface monitor measurements based on 10-fold cross-validation, are 0.79 and 0.33 for PM2.5, 0.88 and 0.65 for NO3−, 0.78 and 0.23 for SO42−, 1.00 and 1.01 for NH4+, 0.73 and 0.23 for OC, and 0.31 and 0.65 for EC, respectively. Regional cross-validation temporal and spatiotemporal R2 results for the satellite-based PM2.5 improve by 30&thinsp;% and 13&thinsp;%, respectively, in comparison to unconstrained CTM simulations and provide finer spatial resolution. SO42− cross-validation values showed the largest spatial and spatiotemporal R2 improvement, with a 43&thinsp;% increase. Assessing this physical technique in a well-instrumented region opens the possibility of applying it globally, especially over areas where surface air quality measurements are scarce or entirely absent.</p

Supplementary Material for: Stationäre kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Zwangsstörungen: Effektivität und Erfolgsprädiktoren in der Routineversorgung

Hintergrund: Effektivitätsstudien zur Behandlung von Zwangsstörungen unter klinischen Routineversorgungsbedingungen sind im ambulanten und stationären Bereich bisher rar. Multimorbide, bereits vorbehandelte Patienten werden in randomisierten, kontrollierten Studien (RCTs) meist ausgeschlossen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob sich durch stationäre kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) in einer wenig selektierten Stichprobe unter alltäglichen Routinebedingungen gleich hohe Effekte erzielen lassen wie in RCTs und welche Prädiktoren den Therapieerfolg beeinflussen. Methoden: 108 Zwangspatienten wurden in einer naturalistischen Studie untersucht. 91% nahmen bereits Psychotherapie in Anspruch, 76% hatten zusätzliche komorbide Störungen, 63% wurden bei Aufnahme mit Antidepressiva behandelt. Zu Beginn und am Ende einer stationären multimodalen KVT (mittlere Verweildauer = 52,0 Tage; SD = 11,9) wurden die Yale-Brown Obsessive- Compulsive Scale-Selbstrating (Y-BOCS-SR) und das Beck-Depressionsinventar (BDI) zur Veränderungsmessung eingesetzt. Prädiktorvariablen wurden über die Routinebasisdokumentation erfasst. Ergebnisse: Zwangssymptomatik und Depressivität nahmen deutlich ab. Es ergaben sich hohe Effekte (Y-BOCS-SR: d = 1,7; BDI: d = 0,9), auch wenn vorzeitig entlassene Patienten in die Analysen einbezogen wurden. Bei Therapieende war die Hälfte der Patienten gebessert, ein Drittel remittiert. Keines der untersuchten Merkmale (Symptomschwere, komorbide Störung, depressive Störung, komorbide Persönlichkeitsstörung, psychotherapeutische Vorbehandlung, sexuelle Traumatisierung, Partnerschaftsprobleme, Arbeitslosigkeit) hatte einen Einfluss auf den Therapieerfolg. Schlussfolgerungen: Unter stationären Routineversorgungsbedingungen lassen sich mit kognitiver Verhaltenstherapie bei multimorbiden, bereits vorbehandelten Zwangspatienten sehr gute Therapieeffekte erzielen. Im Vergleich zu RCTs, die im stationären Setting durchgeführt wurden, fielen sie etwas geringer aus, allerdings bei ebenfalls geringerer Behandlungsdauer. Um die in verschiedenen Studien erzielten Therapieeffekte sinnvoll miteinander vergleichen zu können, müssen weitere Studienmerkmale wie beispielsweise Therapiedosis, Stichprobenmerkmale, Ausschlusskriterien/-rate oder eingesetzte Messinstrumente sorgfältig dokumentiert und gegenübergestellt werden

Constraining Chemical Transport PM2.5 Modeling Outputs Using Surface Monitor Measurements and Satellite Retrievals: Application over the San Joaquin Valley

Advances in satellite retrieval of aerosol type can improve the accuracy of near-surface air quality characterization by providing broad regional context and decreasing metric uncertainties and errors. The frequent, spatially extensive and radiometrically consistent instantaneous constraints can be especially useful in areas away from ground monitors and progressively downwind of emission sources. We present a physical approach to constraining regional-scale estimates of PM(2.5), its major chemical component species estimates, and related uncertainty estimates of chemical transport model (CTM; e.g., the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model) outputs. This approach uses ground-based monitors where available, combined with aerosol optical depth and qualitative constraints on aerosol size, shape, and light-absorption properties from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) on the NASA Earth Observing System's Terra satellite. The CTM complements these data by providing complete spatial and temporal coverage. Unlike widely used approaches that train statistical regression models, the technique developed here leverages CTM physical constraints such as the conservation of aerosol mass and meteorological consistency, independent of observations. The CTM also aids in identifying relationships between observed species concentrations and emission sources. Aerosol air mass types over populated regions of central California are characterized using satellite data acquired during the 2013 San Joaquin field deployment of the NASA Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER-AQ) project. We investigate the optimal application of incorporating 275m horizontal-resolution aerosol air-mass-type maps and total-column aerosol optical depth from the MISR Research Aerosol retrieval algorithm (RA) into regional-scale CTM output. The impact on surface PM(2.5) fields progressively downwind of large single sources is evaluated using contemporaneous surface observations. Spatiotemporal R2 and RMSE values for the model, constrained by both satellite and surface monitor measurements based on 10-fold cross-validation, are 0.79 and 0.33 for PM(2.5), 0.88 and 0.65 for NO3(), 0.78 and 0.23 for SO4(2), 1.00 and 1.01 for NH4(+), 0.73 and 0.23 for OC, and 0.31 and 0.65 for EC, respectively. Regional cross-validation temporal and spatiotemporal R2 results for the satellite-based PM(2.5) improve by 30% and 13%, respectively, in comparison to unconstrained CTM simulations and provide finer spatial resolution. SO4(2) cross-validation values showed the largest spatial and spatiotemporal R(2) improvement, with a 43% increase. Assessing this physical technique in a well-instrumented region opens the possibility of applying it globally, especially over areas where surface air quality measurements are scarce or entirely absent

Stacking Is Favored over Hydrogen Bonding in Azaphenanthrene Dimers

N-Doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have recently emerged as potential organic electronic materials. The function of such materials is determined not only by the intrinsic electronic properties of individual molecules but also by their supramolecular interactions in the solid state. Therefore, a proper characterization of the interactions between the individual units is of interest to materials science since they ultimately govern properties such as excitons and charge transfer. Here, we report a joint experimental and computational study of two azaphenanthrene dimers to determine the structure and the nature of supramolecular interactions in the aggregates. IR/UV double-resonance experiments were carried out using far- and mid-infrared free-electron laser radiation. The experimental spectra are compared with quantum chemical calculations for the lowest-energy π-stacked and hydrogen-bonded structures. The data reveal a preference of the π-stacked structure for the benzo[f]quinoline and the phenanthridine dimer

Stacking Is Favored over Hydrogen Bonding in Azaphenanthrene Dimers

N-Doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have recently emerged as potential organic electronic materials. The function of such materials is determined not only by the intrinsic electronic properties of individual molecules but also by their supramolecular interactions in the solid state. Therefore, a proper characterization of the interactions between the individual units is of interest to materials science since they ultimately govern properties such as excitons and charge transfer. Here, we report a joint experimental and computational study of two azaphenanthrene dimers to determine the structure and the nature of supramolecular interactions in the aggregates. IR/UV double-resonance experiments were carried out using far- and mid-infrared free-electron laser radiation. The experimental spectra are compared with quantum chemical calculations for the lowest-energy π-stacked and hydrogen-bonded structures. The data reveal a preference of the π-stacked structure for the benzo[f]quinoline and the phenanthridine dimer

Ambulante prae- und poststationaere Massnahmen. Ein Beitrag zur Flexibilisierung der stationaeren psychosomatischen Versorgung Abschlussbericht

Available from TIB Hannover: F04B1535 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Die Rehabilitation von Persoenlichkeitsstoerungen in der stationaeren verhaltenstherapeutischen Psychosomatik und Suchttherapie Abschlussbericht

Available from TIB Hannover: F04B1534 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman