17 research outputs found
Síntese de resinas ligno-fenol-formaldeído para aplicação em painéis de média densidade.
bitstream/item/219766/1/TS2020-010-dis-MEPA.pdfDissertação (Mestrado em Química) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Fortaleza. Coorientador: Renato Carrhá Leitã
Atomically Precise Graphene Nanoribbon Heterojunctions for Excitonic Solar Cells
By
mixing pure precursor monomers and nitrogen-doped equivalents,
atomically sharp wiggle-edged heterojunctions can be obtained via
the combined action of Ullmann coupling followed by cyclodehydrogenation
[Cai et al., <i>Nat. Nanotechnol.</i> <b>2014</b>, <i>9</i>, 896]. We used first-principles density functional theory
and the many-body <i>GW</i> approach to establish the role
of doping (boron and nitrogen) in a variety of graphene nanowiggles
displaying a range of band gaps. The substitution of C atoms located
at the edges of the structures does not significantly affect the magnitude
of the band gaps, but leads to their relative upshift or downshift
depending on the dopant. This shift is found to vary quasi-linearly
as the concentration of dopant increases. Consequently, tunable type-II
staggered band alignments are formed in graphene nanowiggle heterojunctions.
We predict that these type-II heterojunctions can provide ultrathin
solar cells with power conversion efficiencies up to 22.0%
Electronic Bandgap and Edge Reconstruction in Phosphorene Materials
Single-layer black phosphorus (BP),
or phosphorene, is a highly
anisotropic two-dimensional elemental material possessing promising
semiconductor properties for flexible electronics. However, the direct
bandgap of single-layer black phosphorus predicted theoretically has
not been directly measured, and the properties of its edges have not
been considered in detail. Here we report atomic scale electronic
variation related to strain-induced anisotropic deformation of the
puckered honeycomb structure of freshly cleaved black phosphorus using
a high-resolution scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) survey along
the light (<i>x</i>) and heavy (<i>y</i>) effective
mass directions. Through a combination of STS measurements and first-principles
calculations, a model for edge reconstruction is also determined.
The reconstruction is shown to self-passivate most dangling bonds
by switching the coordination number of phosphorus from 3 to 5 or
3 to 4
Probing the Interlayer Coupling of Twisted Bilayer MoS<sub>2</sub> Using Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide
(MoS<sub>2</sub>) is a promising
material for optoelectronic devices due to its strong photoluminescence
emission. In this work, the photoluminescence of twisted bilayer MoS<sub>2</sub> is investigated, revealing a tunability of the interlayer
coupling of bilayer MoS<sub>2</sub>. It is found that the photoluminescence
intensity ratio of the trion and exciton reaches its maximum value
for the twisted angle 0° or 60°, while for the twisted angle
30° or 90° the situation is the opposite. This is mainly
attributed to the change of the trion binding energy. The first-principles
density functional theory analysis further confirms the change of
the interlayer coupling with the twisted angle, which interprets our
experimental results
Twisted MoSe<sub>2</sub> Bilayers with Variable Local Stacking and Interlayer Coupling Revealed by Low-Frequency Raman Spectroscopy
Unique twisted bilayers of MoSe<sub>2</sub> with multiple stacking
orientations and interlayer couplings in the narrow range of twist
angles, 60 ± 3°, are revealed by low-frequency Raman spectroscopy
and theoretical analysis. The slight deviation from 60° allows
the concomitant presence of patches featuring all three high-symmetry
stacking configurations (2H or AA′, AB′, and A′B)
in one unique bilayer system. In this case, the periodic arrangement
of the patches and their size strongly depend on the twist angle. <i>Ab initio</i> modeling predicts significant changes in frequencies
and intensities of low-frequency modes <i>versus</i> stacking
and twist angle. Experimentally, the variable stacking and coupling
across the interface are revealed by the appearance of two breathing
modes, corresponding to the mixture of the high-symmetry stacking
configurations and unaligned regions of monolayers. Only one breathing
mode is observed outside the narrow range of twist angles. This indicates
a stacking transition to unaligned monolayers with mismatched atom
registry without the in-plane restoring force required to generate
a shear mode. The variable interlayer coupling and spacing in transition
metal dichalcogenide bilayers revealed in this study may provide an
interesting platform for optoelectronic applications of these materials
Molecular Selectivity of Graphene-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Graphene-enhanced
Raman scattering (GERS) is a recently discovered Raman enhancement
phenomenon that uses graphene as the substrate for Raman enhancement
and can produce clean and reproducible Raman signals of molecules
with increased signal intensity. Compared to conventional Raman enhancement
techniques, such as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and tip-enhanced
Raman scattering (TERS), in which the Raman enhancement is essentially
due to the electromagnetic mechanism, GERS mainly relies on a chemical
mechanism and therefore shows unique molecular selectivity. In this
paper, we report graphene-enhanced Raman scattering of a variety of
different molecules with different molecular properties. We report
a strong molecular selectivity for the GERS effect with enhancement
factors varying by as much as 2 orders of magnitude for different
molecules. Selection rules are discussed with reference to two main
features of the molecule, namely its molecular energy levels and molecular
structures. In particular, the enhancement factor involving molecular
energy levels requires the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)
and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energies to be within
a suitable range with respect to graphene’s Fermi level, and
this enhancement effect can be explained by the time-dependent perturbation
theory of Raman scattering. The enhancement factor involving the choice
of molecular structures indicates that molecular symmetry and substituents
similar to that of the graphene structure are found to be favorable
for GERS enhancement. The effectiveness of these factors can be explained
by group theory and the charge-transfer interaction between molecules
and graphene. Both factors, involving the molecular energy levels
and structural symmetry of the molecules, suggest that a remarkable
GERS enhancement requires strong molecule–graphene coupling
and thus effective charge transfer between the molecules and graphene.
These conclusions are further experimentally supported by the change
of the UV–visible absorption spectra of molecules when in contact
with graphene and these conclusions are theoretically corroborated
by first-principles calculations. These research findings are important
for gaining fundamental insights into the graphene–molecule
interaction and the chemical mechanism in Raman enhancement, as well
as for advancing the role of such understanding both in guiding chemical
and molecule detection applications and in medical and biological
technology developments
Enhanced Raman Scattering on In-Plane Anisotropic Layered Materials
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
(SERS) on two-dimensional (2D)
layered materials has provided a unique platform to study the chemical
mechanism (CM) of the enhancement due to its natural separation from
electromagnetic enhancement. The CM stems from the charge interactions
between the substrate and molecules. Despite the extensive studies
of the energy alignment between 2D materials and molecules, an understanding
of how the electronic properties of the substrate are explicitly involved
in the charge interaction is still unclear. Lately, a new group of
2D layered materials with anisotropic structures, including orthorhombic
black phosphorus (BP) and triclinic rhenium disulfide (ReS<sub>2</sub>), has attracted great interest due to their unique anisotropic electrical
and optical properties. Herein, we report a unique anisotropic Raman
enhancement on few-layered BP and ReS<sub>2</sub> using copper phthalocyanine
(CuPc) molecules as a Raman probe, which is absent on isotropic graphene
and h-BN. According to detailed Raman tensor analysis and density
functional theory calculations, anisotropic charge interactions between
the 2D materials and molecules are responsible for the angular dependence
of the Raman enhancement. Our findings not only provide new insights
into the CM process in SERS, but also open up new avenues for the
exploration and application of the electronic properties of anisotropic
2D layered materials
Low-Frequency Interlayer Raman Modes to Probe Interface of Twisted Bilayer MoS<sub>2</sub>
van der Waals homo- and heterostructures
assembled by
stamping monolayers together present optoelectronic properties suitable
for diverse applications. Understanding the details of the interlayer
stacking and resulting coupling is crucial for tuning these properties.
We investigated the low-frequency interlayer shear and breathing Raman
modes (<50 cm<sup>–1</sup>) in twisted bilayer MoS<sub>2</sub> by Raman spectroscopy and first-principles modeling. Twisting significantly
alters the interlayer stacking and coupling, leading to notable frequency
and intensity changes of low-frequency modes. The frequency variation
can be up to 8 cm<sup>–1</sup> and the intensity can vary by
a factor of ∼5 for twisting angles near 0° and 60°,
where the stacking is a mixture of high-symmetry stacking patterns
and is thus sensitive to twisting. For twisting angles between 20°
and 40°, the interlayer coupling is nearly constant because the
stacking results in mismatched lattices over the entire sample. It
follows that the Raman signature is relatively uniform. Note that
for some samples, multiple breathing mode peaks appear, indicating
nonuniform coupling across the interface. In contrast to the low-frequency
interlayer modes, high-frequency intralayer Raman modes are much less
sensitive to interlayer stacking and coupling. This research demonstrates
the effectiveness of low-frequency Raman modes for probing the interfacial
coupling and environment of twisted bilayer MoS<sub>2</sub> and potentially
other two-dimensional materials and heterostructures
Low-Frequency Raman Fingerprints of Two-Dimensional Metal Dichalcogenide Layer Stacking Configurations
The tunable optoelectronic properties of stacked two-dimensional (2D) crystal monolayers are determined by their stacking orientation, order, and atomic registry. Atomic-resolution Z-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy (AR-Z-STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) can be used to determine the exact atomic registration between different layers, in few-layer 2D stacks; however, fast optical characterization techniques are essential for rapid development of the field. Here, using two- and three-layer MoSe<sub>2</sub> and WSe<sub>2</sub> crystals synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, we show that the generally unexplored low frequency (LF) Raman modes (<50 cm<sup>–1</sup>) that originate from interlayer vibrations can serve as fingerprints to characterize not only the number of layers, but also their stacking configurations. <i>Ab initio</i> calculations and group theory analysis corroborate the experimental assignments determined by AR-Z-STEM and show that the calculated LF mode fingerprints are related to the 2D crystal symmetries
Raman Shifts in Electron-Irradiated Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub>
We
report how the presence of electron-beam-induced sulfur vacancies
affects first-order Raman modes and correlate the effects with the
evolution of the <i>in situ</i> transmission-electron microscopy
two-terminal conductivity of monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> under electron
irradiation. We observe a red-shift in the E′ Raman peak and
a less pronounced blue-shift in the A′<sub>1</sub> peak with
increasing electron dose. Using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
and selected-area electron diffraction, we show that irradiation causes
partial removal of sulfur and correlate the dependence of the Raman
peak shifts with S vacancy density (a few %). This allows us to quantitatively
correlate the frequency shifts with vacancy concentration, as rationalized
by first-principles density functional theory calculations. <i>In situ</i> device current measurements show an exponential
decrease in channel current upon irradiation. Our analysis demonstrates
that the observed frequency shifts are intrinsic properties of the
defective systems and that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a quantitative
diagnostic tool to characterize MoS<sub>2</sub>-based transport channels