Effect of Garlic Juice on Quality Changes of Oyster (Crassostrea Belcheri) Meat During Chilled Storage

Surat-thani oyster, a big and thin-shell bivalve mollusks, has been registered as Geographical Indicators, GI, as its good taste and delicacy as well as nutritious. Eaten style is raw then there is high risk to face with some disease as oyster is filter feeder. Physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory qualities after the oyster meat treated with the garlic juice at 0, 2 and 3 ml, respectively were monitored. Though initial pH of the control, untreated with garlic juice, was higher compared with the sample treated with 3 ml garlic juice, pH of it (control) was significantly lower (p5) at the end of the storag

Adult Bamcp20k-2 was insoluble in PBS.

<p>(A) PBS and urea soluble fractions were prepared from cyprids and adults. Cyprids or adults were extracted in PBS. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected and the pellet was washed with the same buffer. The supernatant from each centrifugation was collected and labeled as fr1. The pellet from the final centrifugation was sequentially extracted in urea buffer. After a series of successive centrifugations mentioned above, the supernatant were collected and labeled as fr2. Fr: fraction; sup: supernatant; pelt: pellet. (B) Equal proportions from each fraction were collected for Western blot with the antibodies against Bamcp20k-1 and Bamcp20k-2. Fr: fraction.</p

Amino acid composition of the cp20k homologues from three species.

<p>Amino acid composition of the homologues of cp20k was analyzed from <i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i> cp20k-1 (Bamcp20k-1, JX826508), cp20k-2 (Bamcp20k-2, JX826509), <i>Fistulobalanus albicostatus</i> cp20k (Balcp20k, BAF96022.1), and <i>Megabalanus rosa</i> cp20k (Mrcp20k, BAB18762.1). The percentage of each amino acid is shown in the table. AA: amino acid; Per: percentage.</p

Phylogenetic tree analysis of cp20k.

<p>The full-length of the amino acid sequences were used in an alignment for phylogenetic tree calculations. The numbers indicate the occurrences of a branch point over 500 replications. The scale bar indicates the phylogenetic distances. Pf-MAPK1 was used as an out group protein.</p

Solubility of adult Bamcp20k-2 was dependent on DTT concentration.

<p>(A) and (B) Adult barnacles were homogenized in PBS or urea buffer with different concentration of DTT, as mentioned in the methods section. Equal proportions from each fraction were collected for Western blot against Bamcp20k-1 and Bamcp20k-2. Fr: fraction.</p

Alignment of the homologues of cp20k.

<p><i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i> cp20k-1 (Bamcp20k-1, JX826508) and cp20k-2 (Bamcp20k-2, JX826509) together with <i>Fistulobalanus albicostatus</i> cp20k (Balcp20k, BAF96022.1) and <i>Megabalanus rosa</i> cp20k (Mr cp20k, BAB18762.1) were aligned with CLUSTAL W software. Repeated Cys residues were highlighted in yellow. The motif of Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Xaa-Cys was indicated by asterisk. Xaa: any residue.</p

Mass and PI of the homologues of cp20k from three barnacle species.

<p>Mass and PI of the four homologues were shown from <i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i> cp20k-1 (Bamcp20k-1, JX826508), cp20k-2 (Bamcp20k-2, JX826509), <i>Fistulobalanus albicostatus</i> cp20k (Balcp20k, BAF96022.1) and <i>Megabalanus rosa</i> cp20k (Mrcp20k, BAB18762.1).</p

Differential localizations of Bamcp20k-1 and Bamcp20k-2 in cyprid cement glands.

<p>(A) The diagram shows the composition of a cement gland in <i>Balanus balanoides</i>. Two types of cement cells (α and β) were shown in the cement glands. (B) Cyprids were fixed in 4% PFA and then sectioned after embedding in wax. A section of 4 µm from <i>Amphibalanus Amphitrite</i> was shown. (a) Toluidin stain, Scale bar: 50 µm; (b) AZAN stain, Scale bar: 50 µm; (c) DAPI stain. Nuclei were stained with DAPI. Scale bar: 10 µm. CE: compound eye; CG: cement gland; GN: granules; NC: nuclei. (C) Bamcp20k-1 and Bamcp20k-2 were localized at different cement granules. Sections were immunostained with antibodies against Bamcp20k-1 and Bamcp20k-2. For (a) to (c), the sections stained only with secondary antibody were used as negative controls; for (d) to (i), the sections were stained with an antibody against Bamcp20k-1; for (j) to (o), the sections were stained with an antibody against Bamcp20k-2. Scale bar: 30 µm.</p

Hydrophobicity analysis of Bamcp20k-1 and cp20k-2.

<p>(A) and (B) amino acids derived from the sequences of Bamcp20k-1 and cp20k-2 were analyzed for hydrophobicity property. The x-axis indicates the amino acid position; y-axis indicates the score of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity.</p

Alignment of MKK3 sequences from different species.

<p><i>Amphibalanus amphitrite</i> MKK3 was aligned with those from <i>Culex quinquefasciatus</i> (XP001844745.1), <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (AAQ68075.1), <i>Nasonia vitripennis</i> (XP001604546.1), <i>Apis florea</i> (XP003689651.1), <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (AAF48223.1) and <i>Rhipicephalus pulchellus</i> (JAA59480.1). The subdomains I-XI were defined. The conserved dual phosphorylation sites were labeled with asterisks.</p