Scalable approximate FRNN-OWA classification

Fuzzy Rough Nearest Neighbour classification with Ordered Weighted Averaging operators (FRNN-OWA) is an algorithm that classifies unseen instances according to their membership in the fuzzy upper and lower approximations of the decision classes. Previous research has shown that the use of OWA operators increases the robustness of this model. However, calculating membership in an approximation requires a nearest neighbour search. In practice, the query time complexity of exact nearest neighbour search algorithms in more than a handful of dimensions is near-linear, which limits the scalability of FRNN-OWA. Therefore, we propose approximate FRNN-OWA, a modified model that calculates upper and lower approximations of decision classes using the approximate nearest neighbours returned by Hierarchical Navigable Small Worlds (HNSW), a recent approximative nearest neighbour search algorithm with logarithmic query time complexity at constant near-100% accuracy. We demonstrate that approximate FRNN-OWA is sufficiently robust to match the classification accuracy of exact FRNN-OWA while scaling much more efficiently. We test four parameter configurations of HNSW, and evaluate their performance by measuring classification accuracy and construction and query times for samples of various sizes from three large datasets. We find that with two of the parameter configurations, approximate FRNN-OWA achieves near-identical accuracy to exact FRNN-OWA for most sample sizes within query times that are up to several orders of magnitude faster

Renin–angiotensin system blockade and diabetes: moving the adipose organ from the periphery to the center

Lee et al. report that an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) improved glucose intolerance in OLETF rats, an experimental model of type 2 diabetes. ARB treatment resulted in modulation of the adipose tissue, leading to an increased number of small, differentiated adipocytes able to produce more adiponectin and less monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. This supports the relevance of the functional interplay between adipose tissue and the renin–angiotensin system in states of insulin resistance

Classifying token frequencies using angular Minkowski pp-distance

Angular Minkowski $p$-distance is a dissimilarity measure that is obtained by replacing Euclidean distance in the definition of cosine dissimilarity with other Minkowski $p$-distances. Cosine dissimilarity is frequently used with datasets containing token frequencies, and angular Minkowski $p$-distance may potentially be an even better choice for certain tasks. In a case study based on the 20-newsgroups dataset, we evaluate clasification performance for classical weighted nearest neighbours, as well as fuzzy rough nearest neighbours. In addition, we analyse the relationship between the hyperparameter $p$, the dimensionality $m$ of the dataset, the number of neighbours $k$, the choice of weights and the choice of classifier. We conclude that it is possible to obtain substantially higher classification performance with angular Minkowski $p$-distance with suitable values for $p$ than with classical cosine dissimilarity.Comment: Accepted for publication in the proceedings of IJCRS 202

A scalable approach to fuzzy rough nearest neighbour classification with ordered weighted averaging operators

Fuzzy rough sets have been successfully applied in classification tasks, in particular in combination with OWA operators. There has been a lot of research into adapting algorithms for use with Big Data through parallelisation, but no concrete strategy exists to design a Big Data fuzzy rough sets based classifier. Existing Big Data approaches use fuzzy rough sets for feature and prototype selection, and have often not involved very large datasets. We fill this gap by presenting the first Big Data extension of an algorithm that uses fuzzy rough sets directly to classify test instances, a distributed implementation of FRNN-OWA in Apache Spark. Through a series of systematic tests involving generated datasets, we demonstrate that it can achieve a speedup effectively equal to the number of computing cores used, meaning that it can scale to arbitrarily large datasets

Polar Encoding: A Simple Baseline Approach for Classification with Missing Values

We propose polar encoding, a representation of categorical and numerical $[0,1]$-valued attributes with missing values to be used in a classification context. We argue that this is a good baseline approach, because it can be used with any classification algorithm, preserves missingness information, is very simple to apply and offers good performance. In particular, unlike the existing missing-indicator approach, it does not require imputation, ensures that missing values are equidistant from non-missing values, and lets decision tree algorithms choose how to split missing values, thereby providing a practical realisation of the "missingness incorporated in attributes" (MIA) proposal. Furthermore, we show that categorical and $[0,1]$-valued attributes can be viewed as special cases of a single attribute type, corresponding to the classical concept of barycentric coordinates, and that this offers a natural interpretation of polar encoding as a fuzzified form of one-hot encoding. With an experiment based on twenty real-life datasets with missing values, we show that, in terms of the resulting classification performance, polar encoding performs better than the state-of-the-art strategies \e{multiple imputation by chained equations} (MICE) and \e{multiple imputation with denoising autoencoders} (MIDAS) and -- depending on the classifier -- about as well or better than mean/mode imputation with missing-indicators

The role of single N-glycans in proteolytic processing and cell surface transport of the Lassa virus glycoprotein GP-C

Lassa virus glycoprotein is synthesised as a precursor (preGP-C) into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. After cotranslational cleavage of the signal peptide, the immature GP-C is posttranslationally processed into the N-terminal subunit GP-1 and the C-terminal subunit GP-2 by the host cell subtilase SKI-1/S1P. The glycoprotein precursor contains eleven potential N-glycosylation sites. In this report, we investigated the effect of each N-glycan on proteolytic cleavage and cell surface transport by disrupting the consensus sequences of eleven potential N-glycan attachment sites individually. Five glycoprotein mutants with disrupted N-glycosylation sites were still proteolytically processed, whereas the remaining N-glycosylation sites are necessary for GP-C cleavage. Despite the lack of proteolytic processing, all cleavage-defective mutants were transported to the cell surface and remained completely endo H-sensitive. The findings indicate that N-glycans are needed for correct conformation of GP-C in order to be cleaved by SKI-1/S1P

Ultrafast spectroscopy of photoinduced charge transfer reactions

Im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht die Charakterisierung zweier Systeme, bei denen schnelle photoinduzierte Ladungstransferreaktionen auftreten. Mittels Anregungs-Abtast-Spektroskopie im sichtbaren Spektralbereich wurde zum einen die bisher noch nicht charakterisierte Primärreaktion des erst vor wenigen Jahren entdeckten bakteriellen Retinalproteins Proteorhodopsin untersucht. Dieses Protein, das einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Energiebilanz der euphotischen Zone leisten kann, zeigt einen vektoriellen, pH-abhängigen und lichtgetriebenen Protonentransfer über die Zellmembran. Mittels zeitaufgelöster Femtosekundenspektroskopie wurde die Primärdynamik in saurer sowie in alkalischer Umgebung untersucht. Nach Photoanregung von Proteorhodopsin zeigt sich eine konzertierte Schwingung des all-trans-Retinals, die in einer biphasischen Reaktion zu einer Isomerisierung zum 13-cis-Zustand führt. Neben den genauen Zerfallszeiten wird auch das Besetzungsverhältnis des schnellen zum langsamen Zerfallskanal durch den Protonierungszustand des primären Protonenakzeptors gesteuert. In alkalischer Umgebung reagieren mehr Moleküle über den schnellen Reaktionskanal als in saurer Umgebung. Zusätzlich vergrößert sich die Quantenausbeute der Isomerisierungsreaktion vom all-trans- zum 13-cis-Retinal um den Faktor zwei beim Erhöhen des pH-Wertes von 6 auf 9. Durch die Reaktion des Chromophors auf die unterschiedlichen Ladungszustände des primären Protonenakzeptors zeigt sich, dass die Proteinumgebung elementar für die Funktion, speziell auch für die primäre Photodynamik, ist. Eine mögliche Erklärung berücksichtigt die räumliche Nähe der entsprechenden Aminosäure zur C13=C14 Bindung. Durch Deprotonierung an dieser Stelle kommt es zu einer Schwächung der genannten Bindung. Die energetische Barriere für die Isomerisierung wird herabgesetzt und diese Reaktion kann schneller und effizienter ablaufen als bei Gegenwart einer protonierten Aminosäure. Da die Ladung des Akzeptors die Reaktion „steuert“, kann von einer elektrostatischen Kontrolle der Reaktionsdynamik gesprochen werden. Im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde die photoinduzierte Dynamik von Merocyaninen sowohl frei in Lösung als auch an kolloidale Halbleiter gekoppelt untersucht. Für die freien Farbstoffe lassen sich zwei Deaktivierungskanäle unterscheiden. Nach der Photoanregung kann das Merocyanin an der zentralen konjugierten Polymethinkette isomerisieren. Die Entstehung des daraus resultierenden verdrehten Moleküls konnte innerhalb weniger zehn Pikosekunden beobachtet werden. Die andere Möglichkeit die aufgenommene Energie wieder abzugeben besteht in der Bildung eines angeregten Triplettzustandes. Die Besetzung dieses Zustandes lässt sich innerhalb weniger Pikosekunden beobachten und geht somit signifikant schneller vonstatten als die Isomerisierung. Durch Kopplung der Merocyanine an TiO2-Halbleiterkolloide werden andere Deaktivierungskanäle wichtig. Mit einer Zeitkonstante von wenigen zehn Femtosekunden kommt es zu einem schnellen Ladungstransfer aus dem Farbstoff in den Halbleiter. Parallel zu dieser ultraschnellen Elektroneninjektion bildet sich, wie für das ungekoppelte System auch, der verdrehte Zustand. Die Bindung an den Halbleiter führt jedoch zu einer Beschleunigung der Torsionsbewegung, sodass sich die Geometrieänderung innerhalb weniger Pikosekunden beobachten lässt. Auch aus diesem Zustand kommt es zur Elektroneninjektion aus dem Farbstoff in das Leitungsband des Halbleiters. Die Triplettbildung ist dagegen für das gekoppelte System nicht beobachtbar, was zu einer erhöhten Stabilität führt. Neben der Bildung der ladungsgetrennten Zustände konnte mittels der Femtosekundenspektroskopie auch die partielle Rückreaktion zu neutralen Systemen beobachtet werden. Die Reduktion des Merocyaninkations erfolgt innerhalb weniger 100 ps, ist aber nach einer Nanosekunde noch immer nicht vollständig abgeschlossen, sodass ein signifikanter Teil der Moleküle bzw. Kolloide geladen bleibt. Sämtliche Beobachtungen des Farbstoff-Halbleiter-Systems lassen sich in einem Reaktionsmodell zusammenfassen. Mit diesem lässt sich die Dynamik nach Photoanregung erklären, sowie die energetische Lage der beteiligten Zustände im Verhältnis zueinander betrachten. Ein bereits existierendes Reaktionsmodell des freien Farbstoffes konnte mittels der in dieser Arbeit gewonnenen Erkenntnisse auf den Bereich unterhalb von einer Nanosekunde erweitert werden. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zum einen dazu dienen, natürliche Ladungstransferreaktionen zu verstehen. Durch die Aufklärung der Primärdynamik von Proteorhodopsin konnte ein weiterer Baustein zum Verständnis dieses erst kürzlich entdeckten und für die Energiebilanz der Meere wichtigen Proteins hinzugefügt werden. Zum anderen tragen die Resultate dieser Arbeit auch zum Verständnis eines künstlichen Photosynthesesystems (Grätzelzelle) bei und können zur Effizienzsteigerung sowie zur Optimierung genutzt werden

NAD(H)-coupled hydrogen cycling - structure-function relationships of bidirectional [NiFe] hydrogenases

Hydrogenases catalyze the activation or production of molecular hydrogen. Due to their potential importance for future biotechnological applications, these enzymes have been in the focus of intense research for the past decades. Bidirectional [NiFe] hydrogenases are of particular interest as they couple the reversible cleavage of hydrogen to the redox conversion of NAD(H). In this account, we review the current state of knowledge about mechanistic aspects and structural determinants of these complex multi-cofactor enzymes. Special emphasis is laid on the oxygen-tolerant NAD(H)-linked bidirectional [NiFe] hydrogenase from Ralstonia eutropha. (C) 2011 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved

An Unusual Presentation of Tumor Lysis Syndrome in a Patient with Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Case Report and Literature Review

Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is characterized by hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and secondary hypocalcemia in patients with a malignancy. When these laboratory abnormalities develop rapidly, clinical complications such as cardiac arrhythmias, acute renal failure, seizures, or death may occur. TLS is caused by rapid release of intracellular contents by dying tumor cells, a condition that is expected to be common in hematologic malignancies. However, TLS rarely occurs with solid tumors, and here we present the second chemotherapy-induced TLS in a patient with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma to be reported in the literature. We also provide information regarding the total cases of TLS in solid tumors reported from 1977 to present day. Our methodology involved identifying key articles from existing reviews of the literature and then using search terms from these citations in MEDLINE to find additional publications. We relied on a literature review published in 2003 by Baeksgaard et al., where they gathered all total 45 cases reported from 1977 to 2003. Then, we looked for new reported cases from 2004 to present day. All reports (case reports, brief reports, letters to editor, correspondence, reviews, journals, and short communications) identified through these searches were reviewed and included

The impact of pebble flux regulated planetesimal formation on giant planet formation

Forming gas giant planets by the accretion of 100 km diameter planetesimals, a typical size that results from self-gravity assisted planetesimal formation, is often thought to be inefficient. Many models therefore use small km-sized planetesimals, or invoke the accretion of pebbles. Furthermore, models based on planetesimal accretion often use the ad hoc assumption of planetesimals distributed radially in a minimum mass solar nebula fashion. We wish to investigate the impact of various initial radial density distributions in planetesimals with a dynamical model for the formation of planetesimals on the resulting population of planets. In doing so, we highlight the directive role of the early stages of dust evolution into pebbles and planetesimals in the circumstellar disk on the following planetary formation. We have implemented a two population model for solid evolution and a pebble flux regulated model for planetesimal formation into our global model for planet population synthesis. This framework is used to study the global effect of planetesimal formation on planet formation. As reference, we compare our dynamically formed planetesimal surface densities with ad-hoc set distributions of different radial density slopes of planetesimals. Even though required, it is not solely the total planetesimal disk mass, but the planetesimal surface density slope and subsequently the formation mechanism of planetesimals, that enables planetary growth via planetesimal accretion. Highly condensed regions of only 100 km sized planetesimals in the inner regions of circumstellar disks can lead to gas giant growth. Pebble flux regulated planetesimal formation strongly boosts planet formation, because it is a highly effective mechanism to create a steep planetesimal density profile. We find this to lead to the formation of giant planets inside 1 au by 100 km already by pure planetesimal accretion