Communicative Inequality of Cross-Language Correspondences in Translation

The questions connected with the definition of communicative inequality of interlingual correspondences in translation are considered. It is noted that the correspondence between the units of the original text and the translation text can be represented by stable cross-language facts, which in turn in the conditions of this context are either communicative equivalent or communicative unequal. It is pointed out that the reason is the discrepancy between the language unit in the language system and its implementation in speech, that is, when translating it is important to determine the proper inter-language correspondences, and the correspondences between their uses in speech. In this regard, the authors use the notion of idiomaticity, which after N. K. Ryabtseva is defined as the typicity, stability of the use (combination) of linguistic units in speech. It is proved that when translating, the cross-language correspondences between the units of the source text and the translated text are found out at the level of the dictionary meanings of the lexemes with the preservation of grammatical forms and structures, but nevertheless, these correspondences are communicative uneven and inadequate from the point of view of their use in speech, and this determines the relevance of the study

Quasi-Equivalence in Translation: Semantics and Pragmatics in Transmission of Nationally Specific Vocabulary

The question of quasi-equivalent relations in translation is considered. It is shown that the units of the source and target languages are in relations of asymmetry. Particular attention is paid to the fact that a significant degree of asymmetry is manifested not only in the comparison of systems of two languages, but also in the establishing correlations between the use of language units in speech, namely in the folklore and mythological context. It is shown that in the transmission of lexical units in the folklore-mythological text there are certain difficulties caused not only by the incongruence of lexical systems of two languages, cognitive and cultural complications, but also by the fact that in the folklore-mythological context a word is a unit of the secondary sign system, that is, in addition to the basic meaning, a word has a folklore-mythological one. The definition of quasi-equivalence in translation is given, this phenomenon is considered at the semantic and pragmatic levels. The article presents the results of comparative translation analysis, which can be used in courses on comparative linguoculturology, translation theory and practice to clarify the methods and principles of assessing the quality of translation, as well as the creation of comparative linguoculturological dictionaries that which do not exist today

Reactivity of 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and Diethylazocarboxylate in [4+2]-Cycloaddition and Ene Reactions: Solvent, Temperature, and High-Pressure Influence on the Reaction Rate

© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. We have studied the solvent, temperature, and pressure influences on the reaction rates of cyclic and acyclic N=N bonds in the Diels-Alder and ene reactions. The transfer from N-phenylmaleimide (9) to a structural analogue, 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (2), is accompanied by the rate increase in five to six orders of magnitude in the Diels-Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene (4) and 9,10-dimethylanthracene (5), whereas the transfer from dimethyl fumarate (10) to diethyl azodicarboxylate (1) increases only in one to two orders of magnitude. The ratio of the reaction rate constants (2 + 4)/(1 + 4) is very large (5.2 × 107) and almost the same (5.3 × 107) as in the ene reactions with tetramethylethylene (7), (2 + 7)/(1 + 7). It has been observed that the N=N bond in reagent 2 has strong electrophilic, and its N-N moiety in the transition state has nucleophilic properties, which results from the analysis of the solvation enthalpy transfer of reagents, activated complex, and adduct in the Diels-Alder reaction of 2 with anthracene 22

Современный алгоритм лечения стенозирующих ларингитов у детей

This article presents the own results of the introduction the algorithm for the treatment of stenotic laryngotracheitis in children. This contributed to the rapid recovery of patients, prevention of nosocomial infections, as well as a significant reduction in the volume of therapeutic interventions.В данной статье приводятся собственные данные по результатам внедрения алгоритма терапии стенозирующих ларинготрахеитов у детей, что способствовало быстрейшему выздоровлению больных, профилактике внутрибольничного инфицирования, а также значительному уменьшению объема терапевтических мероприятий

ОСТРЫЙ ЭПИГЛОТТИТ У МАЛЬЧИКА 3 ЛЕТ (КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ НАБЛЮДЕНИЕ)

Аarticle describes the case of epiglottitis in a boy 3 years old, who was hospitalized  in a children's infectious disease department of city hospital of Izhevsk. He was hospitalized  in the department with a diagnosis of acute laryngotracheitis constrictive.The diagnosis  was clarified following an anesthetized laryngoscopy. Описан клинический случай эпиглоттита у мальчика 3 лет, находившегося на стационарном лечении в детском инфекционном отделении 7-ой Городской  клинической  больницы г. Ижевска. Госпитализирован в отделение с диагнозом: «острый стенозирующий ларинготрахеит». Диагноз был уточнен после проведенной поднаркозной ларингоскопии

Reactivity of 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and Diethylazocarboxylate in [4+2]-Cycloaddition and Ene Reactions: Solvent, Temperature, and High-Pressure Influence on the Reaction Rate

© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. We have studied the solvent, temperature, and pressure influences on the reaction rates of cyclic and acyclic N=N bonds in the Diels-Alder and ene reactions. The transfer from N-phenylmaleimide (9) to a structural analogue, 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (2), is accompanied by the rate increase in five to six orders of magnitude in the Diels-Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene (4) and 9,10-dimethylanthracene (5), whereas the transfer from dimethyl fumarate (10) to diethyl azodicarboxylate (1) increases only in one to two orders of magnitude. The ratio of the reaction rate constants (2 + 4)/(1 + 4) is very large (5.2 × 107) and almost the same (5.3 × 107) as in the ene reactions with tetramethylethylene (7), (2 + 7)/(1 + 7). It has been observed that the N=N bond in reagent 2 has strong electrophilic, and its N-N moiety in the transition state has nucleophilic properties, which results from the analysis of the solvation enthalpy transfer of reagents, activated complex, and adduct in the Diels-Alder reaction of 2 with anthracene 22

Reactivity of 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and Diethylazocarboxylate in [4+2]-Cycloaddition and Ene Reactions: Solvent, Temperature, and High-Pressure Influence on the Reaction Rate

© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. We have studied the solvent, temperature, and pressure influences on the reaction rates of cyclic and acyclic N=N bonds in the Diels-Alder and ene reactions. The transfer from N-phenylmaleimide (9) to a structural analogue, 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (2), is accompanied by the rate increase in five to six orders of magnitude in the Diels-Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene (4) and 9,10-dimethylanthracene (5), whereas the transfer from dimethyl fumarate (10) to diethyl azodicarboxylate (1) increases only in one to two orders of magnitude. The ratio of the reaction rate constants (2 + 4)/(1 + 4) is very large (5.2 × 107) and almost the same (5.3 × 107) as in the ene reactions with tetramethylethylene (7), (2 + 7)/(1 + 7). It has been observed that the N=N bond in reagent 2 has strong electrophilic, and its N-N moiety in the transition state has nucleophilic properties, which results from the analysis of the solvation enthalpy transfer of reagents, activated complex, and adduct in the Diels-Alder reaction of 2 with anthracene 22

Reactivity of 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione and Diethylazocarboxylate in [4+2]-Cycloaddition and Ene Reactions: Solvent, Temperature, and High-Pressure Influence on the Reaction Rate

© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. We have studied the solvent, temperature, and pressure influences on the reaction rates of cyclic and acyclic N=N bonds in the Diels-Alder and ene reactions. The transfer from N-phenylmaleimide (9) to a structural analogue, 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (2), is accompanied by the rate increase in five to six orders of magnitude in the Diels-Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene (4) and 9,10-dimethylanthracene (5), whereas the transfer from dimethyl fumarate (10) to diethyl azodicarboxylate (1) increases only in one to two orders of magnitude. The ratio of the reaction rate constants (2 + 4)/(1 + 4) is very large (5.2 × 107) and almost the same (5.3 × 107) as in the ene reactions with tetramethylethylene (7), (2 + 7)/(1 + 7). It has been observed that the N=N bond in reagent 2 has strong electrophilic, and its N-N moiety in the transition state has nucleophilic properties, which results from the analysis of the solvation enthalpy transfer of reagents, activated complex, and adduct in the Diels-Alder reaction of 2 with anthracene 22

Modern Algoritm for the Treatment of Stenotic Laryngitis in Children

This article presents the own results of the introduction the algorithm for the treatment of stenotic laryngotracheitis in children. This contributed to the rapid recovery of patients, prevention of nosocomial infections, as well as a significant reduction in the volume of therapeutic interventions