Cellular and humoral immune response of three chicken strains of broilers to avian infectious bronchitis vaccines

The aim of this study was to know, which of broiler strains have the best cellular and humoral immune response against infectious bronchitis virus vaccines (IBVv). Differences in genetic immune response and susceptibility are known for many of the major viral pathogens of poultry. Consequently, the study was done. An increase in the level of humoral and cellular immunity provides a possible means of enhancing protection of flocks against IBVv. One-day-old consist of three chicken strain of broilers (Cobb 500, Ross 308 and Hubbard F-15) were assigned into six equal groups of 25 bird as fallow G1, G2 and G3 were vaccinated with IBV Ma5 strain at day 8 and with 4/91 strain at day 21, while the last three groups G4, G5 and G6 did not vaccinated with IB vaccine. All groups were vaccinated with Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. After completing the immune tests Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Phytohemagglotnin (PHA)-skin test and lymphoid organs indices it turned out that the Hubbard chicken strain had the lowest and slowest immune response in comparison with Ross and Cobb chicken strains

Resistance to cecalcoccidiosis following sonicatedoocysts immunization of Eimeritenella in broilers

Seventy five broiler chicks were used to determine the immunization of in ovo inoculation or intramusclular (I/M) injection of sonicatedoocyts (SO) antigen against E. tenella manifestation. The chicks were divided in to 3 equal groups compromising of 25 chicks each. The 1st group inoculated in ovowithSO of E. tenella and repeated by I/M injection at 21 days old. The 2nd group injected I/M withSO at day old and repeated at 21 days old, The birds of the 3rd group remains as control. All birds were challenge by 50,000 sporulatedoocysts of E. tenellaat day 28. No significant (P > 0.05) group difference was detected between the immunized and non-immunized groups for mean, WBC count, H/L ratio, lesion score, mortality and oocysts shedding until E. tenella challenge at day 28. After challenge test the in ovo and I/M immunized groups showed a great protective immunity against E. tenellainfection documented by significantly (P < 0.05) reduced mortality, lesion score and decreased fecal oocyst shedding, compared with non-immunized group. It is concluded that in ovo and I/M immuinzation of sonicatedoocyst stimulates a remarkable protection in broilers following E. tenellainfectioncomparing with non-immunized groups. There was no significance difference between the two procedures of immunization

Impact of Low-Quality Rice on Broiler Chicken Performance and Gene Expression

Rice is a promising grain that is reasonably priced and may be effectively added to chicken rations. It is more readily available than corn and has comparable protein and metabolizable energy levels. The current study aimed to see the effect of partially replacing corn with low quality rice and see its effect on broiler chickens. by measuring their live weights, feed intake, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. A total of one hundred sixty (160) one-day-old unsexed chicks of the Rose 308 breed were purchased from a local hatchery. The birds were fed on basal diet for two weeks (14 days). On the fifteenth of the experiment, the birds were randomly divided into 4 groups each group contain forty (40) birds and each group was subdivided into two -replicates, each replicate contain 20 birds, in a sector design. The control group (T0) was fed on the basal diet, while the birds in group T1, T2, and T3 were fed rations with 10 percent, 20 percent, and 30 percent rice, respectively, replacing corn in the diet. The study showed that there is a significant increase in live body weight and weight gain in the control group and the 10 percent rice group when compared to the rest of the groups and there is a significant increase in the amount of food intake and the amount of food conversion ratio in the 20 % and 30 % rice groups when compared to the control group and the 10 % groups. Standards of broiler chickens also increase in the IGF-1 in the 20 % and 30 % rice group with convergence in sensory test results. The study concluded that increasing the rice percentage to more than 10 percent leads to a negative impact on the production

Histopathological changes of trachea in three genetic lines of broilers vaccinated with avian infectious bronchitis virus

The histopathology of trachea was studied in three genetic lines of broilers which vaccinated with avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccines. Differences in genetic immune response and susceptibility are known for many of the major viral pathogens of poultry. Consequently, the study was done. A total of 150 one-day-old consist of three chicken strains of broilers (Cobb 500, Ross 308 and Hubbard F-15) were assigned into six equal groups of 25 bird as fallow G1, G2 and G3 were vaccinated with IBV Ma5 and 4/91 strains at day 8 and 21 respectively, while the last three groups G4, G5 and G6 did not vaccinated with IB vaccine and remained as control groups. The result revealed that the Hubbard chicken strain had moderate to severe post vaccinal reaction represented by deciliation and necrosis of mucosal epithelia, also desquamation of goblet cells and epithelia with mild infiltration of lymphocyte in the lamina properia with blood vessels congestion after 2 days of vaccination. Then focal sloughing of epithelial mucosa with sever hyperplasia of sub mucosal glands together with mild to moderate lymphocytic infiltration blood vessels congestion and multifocal deciliation of tracheal epithelia after 10 days of vaccination. In conclusion, Hubbard chicken strain may have the lowest and slowest immune response in comparison with Ross and Cobb chicken strains

Conventional and Molecular Detection of Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Disease in Chickens

Putra Malaysia (UPM) .A total of 187 sick and dead chickens (63 broilers and 124 layers) of different ages (1 week to &gt;15 weeks) were collected from 12 selective poultry farms (4 broilers and 8 layers). Clinically, 7 (14.89%) of 63 affected broiler and 27 (30.68%) of 124 affected layer chickens were diagnosed as Newcastle disease (ND) whereas, 11 (23.4%) of 63 affected broiler and 6 (4.82%) of the 124 affected layer birds were diagnosed as IBD on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and postmortem findings. Virus isolation from field samples was performed by inoculating each suspected sample into 10-day-old chicken embryos. Out of 34 ND suspected field samples, 26 (5 broilers and 21 layers) were positive for NDV isolation and 11 (8 broilers and 3 layers) of 17 IBD suspected field samples, were positive for IBDV isolation. For confirmatory diagnosis, virus detection was confirmed by serological tests (HI and AGID) and RT-PCR assay. Out of 34 clinically diagnosed ND field samples, 20 (5 broiler and 15 layer) were positive by RT-PCR assay and 15 (10 broiler and 5 layer) of 17 IBD suspected field samples, were positive by both AGIDT and RT-PCR assay. Of the 26 HA positive NDV suspected AF, 19 (4 broilers and 15 layers) were positive by both HI and RT-PCR assay whereas, 10 (7 broilers and 3 layers) of 11 IBDV isolation positive tissue suspension were positive by both AGIDT and RT-PCR assay in the laboratory. Therefore, it may be concluded that serological (HI and AGIDT) and molecular (RT-PCR) techniques which allow rapid identification of most of samples are the reliable, sensitive, specific and more accurate methods to detect the viruses for the confirmatory diagnosis of diseases

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially

Global economic burden of unmet surgical need for appendicitis

Background There is a substantial gap in provision of adequate surgical care in many low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to identify the economic burden of unmet surgical need for the common condition of appendicitis. Methods Data on the incidence of appendicitis from 170 countries and two different approaches were used to estimate numbers of patients who do not receive surgery: as a fixed proportion of the total unmet surgical need per country (approach 1); and based on country income status (approach 2). Indirect costs with current levels of access and local quality, and those if quality were at the standards of high-income countries, were estimated. A human capital approach was applied, focusing on the economic burden resulting from premature death and absenteeism. Results Excess mortality was 4185 per 100 000 cases of appendicitis using approach 1 and 3448 per 100 000 using approach 2. The economic burden of continuing current levels of access and local quality was US $92 492 million using approach 1 and$73 141 million using approach 2. The economic burden of not providing surgical care to the standards of high-income countries was $95 004 million using approach 1 and$75 666 million using approach 2. The largest share of these costs resulted from premature death (97.7 per cent) and lack of access (97.0 per cent) in contrast to lack of quality. Conclusion For a comparatively non-complex emergency condition such as appendicitis, increasing access to care should be prioritized. Although improving quality of care should not be neglected, increasing provision of care at current standards could reduce societal costs substantially