5 research outputs found
Byproduct Formation of Chlorination and Chlorine Dioxide Oxidation in Drinking Water Treatment: Their Formation Mechanisms and Health Effects
Increasing water scarcity caused by population growth, climate change, pollution from natural and anthropogenic sources, etc. is likely to impact the occurrence of water-associated infectious diseases. Nowadays, access to clean and safe water is a growing concern worldwide. Therefore, disinfection of drinking water is a vital step in public treatment systems as it ensures the removal of various contaminants, including pathogenic microorganisms (protozoa, viruses, bacteria, and intestinal parasites) that give rise to waterborne diseases. Nevertheless, undesirable disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed during disinfection as a result of reactions between chemical disinfectants and natural organic matter (NOM), and/or anthropogenic contaminants, and/or bromide/iodide that are present in the raw water. The chemical complexity and heterogeneity of matters in the raw water makes the characterization and the mechanism of DBPs formation quite difficult and ambiguous regardless of the previous hundreds of studies on DBPs generation. As chlorination is still the most economic and most often used disinfection method, and beside chlorination, the application of chlorine dioxide is becoming more widespread, this paper investigates the possible DBPs generated using chlorine and chlorine dioxide with highlighting their adverse health effects. It overviews the reactions of those disinfectants with inorganic and organic compounds. It is important to note that in order to better understand the performance of disinfectants in water treatment, further investigations on the mechanisms of them with inorganic and organic compounds found in water are critically needed
Optimization of Breakpoint Chlorination Technologies for Drinking Water Treatment: a Hungarian Case Study
Ammonium ion is one of the major pollutants found in drinking water sources in Hungary, especially in deep aquifers. under oxidative conditions, ammonium can transform into nitrite ions in the water system, posing potential health risks. In Hungary mostly biological process or breakpoint chlorination are used to eliminate ammonium ion from raw water during the drinking water treatment process. When breakpoint chlorination is applied, harmful by-products are formed. Trihalomethanes concentrations have long been regulated in Hungary, therefore during the design and optimization of the breakpoint technologies trihalomethane concentrations have been considered. However, haloacetic acids (HAA5) and chlorate ion have been recently regulated in accordance with EU Directive 2020/2184. Chlorate is a by-product that appears in treated water when sodium hypochlorite is used in breakpoint chlorination.Experiments were carried out at four Hungarian case study areas to determine the optimal strategy for breakpoint chlorination: applying higher chlorine dosages with lower contact times, or lower chlorine dosages with higher contact times. The investigations concluded that the preferable dosing strategy is to use lower chlorine concentrations and longer contact times. This approach reduces chemical demand (cost-effective) and has a neutral effect on THMs formation. it can be concluded that when the raw water contains ammonium ion concentrations above 0.5 mg/l, the use of sodium hypochlorite may raise concerns due to elevated chlorate ion levels in the treated water, particularly during summer. Further research is required to expand the optimization strategy, considering not only ammonium and trihalomethane concentrations but also chlorate concentrations
FelszĂni vĂzbázis ivĂłvĂz tisztĂtási technolĂłgiája = Treatment technology of surface waters for drinking water supply
A hazai vĂzkivĂ©tel jelentĹ‘s rĂ©sze felszĂn alatti vĂzbázisokbĂłl törtĂ©nik; a felszĂni vĂzbĹ‘l származĂł ivĂłvĂz aránya Magyarországon csupán nĂ©hány százalĂ©k. Jelen tanulmány áttekinti, hogy a felszĂni vizekben jellemzĹ‘en milyen szennyezĹ‘anyagok fordulnak elĹ‘, majd bemutatja azok eltávolĂtására szolgálĂł technolĂłgiákat. A felszĂni vizekben találhatĂł szilárd állapotĂş szennyezĹ‘anyagok közĂĽl elĹ‘ször a nagyobb, majd lĂ©pĂ©srĹ‘l-lĂ©pĂ©sre az egyre kisebb mĂ©retű rĂ©szecskĂ©k eltávolĂtására kerĂĽl sor. A rácsot (gerebet) követĹ‘en kerĂĽl sor a dobszűrĂ©sre, majd homokfogĂłkra vezetik a vizet. RendkĂvĂĽli szennyezĂ©sek alkalmával sor kerĂĽlhet por alakĂş aktĂvszĂ©n adagolására, majd a következĹ‘ technolĂłgiai lĂ©pĂ©s általában a koaguláciĂłt Ă©s flokkuláciĂłt követĹ‘en a derĂtĂ©s. Ezen technolĂłgiák alkalmazása során a kolloid Ă©s kvázi-kolloid rĂ©szecskĂ©k vegyszeradagolás segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel ĂĽlepĂthetĹ‘ mĂ©retűvĂ© alakulnak át, majd ezt követĹ‘en a derĂtĹ‘ műtárgyakban megtörtĂ©nik eltávolĂtásuk. A következĹ‘ technolĂłgiai lĂ©pĂ©s a finom fázisszĂ©tválasztás, mely során homokszűrĹ‘kön vezetik át a derĂtett vizet. A technolĂłgia-közi fertĹ‘tlenĂtĂ©si lĂ©pĂ©sek (klĂłrgázzal, nátrium-hypoklorittal vagy Ăłzonnal megvalĂłsĂtott fertĹ‘tlenĂtĂ©s) során kĂ©pzĹ‘dĹ‘ mellĂ©ktermĂ©kek eltávolĂtása miatt a felszĂni-vĂz tisztĂtási technolĂłgiáknak rĂ©sze kell, hogy legyen a granulált aktĂv szĂ©n adszorpciĂł is. Erre a technolĂłgiai lĂ©pĂ©sre a klĂłrozott szerves mellĂ©ktermĂ©kek, valamint az Ăłzonizálás során fragmentálĂłdott szervesanyagok eltávolĂtása cĂ©ljábĂłl van szĂĽksĂ©g. A tanulmányban bemutatásra kerĂĽl egy minta-technolĂłgiai sor is. = The major part of drinking water comes from subsurface water sources in Hungary; the proportion of drinking water originating from
surface water sources is only a few percent. The present study reviews the contaminants typically found in surface waters and then
presents technologies for their removal. First the solid contaminants have to be removed, where the removal process starts with the
bigger particles followed by the smaller ones: after screening, the water goes to drum filter followed by sand trap. In case of extreme
pollutions, powdered activated carbon has to be added, followed by coagulation-flocculation and clarification process. During coagulation-flocculation, the colloidal and quasi-colloidal particles are converted to a settable size by chemical dosing and then removed in
the clarification tank. The next technological step is the fine phase separation, where the clarified water is passed through sand filters.
Due to the removal of by-products from inter-technological disinfection steps (disinfection with chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite or
ozone), surface-water treatment technologies must also include granular activated carbon adsorption. This technological step is required to remove chlorinated organic by-products as well as organic matter fragmented during ozonation. A sample technology line
is also presented in the study