SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE-CYSTEAMINE CONJUGATE AS A NOVEL CATIONIC THIOMER WITH LIPOPHILIC PROPERTIES

Objective: Thiomers have been known as polymer with mucoadhesive properties. The aim of this study was to synthesize the mucoadhesive potential of hydroxypropyl cellulose-cysteamine conjugate (HPC-cysteamine).Methods: The parent polymer HPC was chemically modified by introducing sulphydryl bearing compound using reductive amination. HPC-cysteamine conjugates were prepared at reaction pH value of 5. The reaction was stabilized by the addition of cyanoborohydride. Afterwards, the conjugate was evaluated for optimum free thiol group, swelling behavior, viscosity and mucoadhesive properties.Results: The conjugates showed maximum thiol incorporation on HPC of 1063.03±64.27 µmol/g. The disulphide groups content was 278.71±32.14 μmol/g. Mucoadhesion studies revealed that mucoadhesion of HPC-cysteamine demonstrated 26 h. The swelling behaviour of HPC-cysteamine tablets increased within the time period of study. The viscosity of HPC-cysteamine was higher than that of unmodified HPC. The thermal profile of HPC-cysteamine and unmodified HPC analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) displayed a different enthalpy (ΔH) value.Conclusion: HPC-cysteamine conjugate renders better properties which might be more beneficial for drug delivery system compared to unmodified HPC.Â

Effect of methanol extracts of nony fruit on mice infected by RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii

Intraperitoneal infection of Type I Toxoplasma gondii on mice causes high mortality at a short time due to parasitic burden, immunosuppression, cell and tissue damage. The mice survival is increased after treated with drugs that reduce or destroy tachyzoite and modulate or recovered the immune system. Nony fruit (Morinda citrifolia) is popular as immunomudulator and has antoxoplasma properties. The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of nony fruit and Fansidar® (pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine) to reduce tachyzoite and improve survival as well as immunomudulator on mice following toxoplasma infection. Mice was divided into six groups (10 mice respectively) consist of infected-non treated groups, infected + Fansidar®, infected + ethanol extract of nony on several doses (100, 50, 25%) and non infected-non treated groups. All mice on each groups were infected intraperitoneally by 5 x 106 and 2,5 x 103 RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite/mice respectively. The results have shown that Fansidar® was successfully to reduced tachyzoite and improved mice survival but the ethanol extract of nony fruit was failed.     Key Words: Survivality, Immunomodulator, Toxoplasma gondii, Nony extract

Effect of interleukins (IL-2, IL-15, IL-18) on receptors activation and cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells in breast cancer cell

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Metastasis in BC is caused by immunosurveillance deficiency, such NK cell maturation, low NK activity and decreasing cytotoxicity. This study was performed to improve activating receptors and cytotoxicity of NK cells using interleukins (ILs). Methods: Human recombinant IL-2, -15, and -18 were used to induce NK cells. We measured the activating and inhibiting receptors, proliferation activity of NK cells, and the cytotoxicity of NK cells on BC cells (MCF7). The effects of ILs were tested on the NK cell receptors CD314, CD158a and CD107a with flowcytometry, proliferation at various incubation times with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxy methoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and concentrations of TNF-\u3b1 and IFN-\u3b3 by NK cells with ELISA. Results: ILs increased NK cell receptor levels (CD314, CD158a, and CD107a) at 24 hours of incubation. ILs increased NK cell viability, which increased with longer incubation. Moreover, ILs-induced NK cells inhibited proliferation in MCF7 cells, as well as increased TNF-\u3b1, IFN-\u3b3, PRF1 and GzmB secretion. Conclusion: IL-2, IL-15, and IL-18 improved activating receptors and proliferation of NK cells. IL-induced NK cells increased TNF-\u3b1, IFN-\u3b3, PRF1 and GzmB secretion and cytotoxic activity on BC cells. High NK cell numbers increased BC cell growth inhibition

Implementation of Aseptic Dispensing for Non-Cytostatic Injectable Drugs in the Internal Medicine Inpatient Ward of 'X' Hospital, West Java

Aseptic Dispensing activity is a procedure to minimize pharmaceutical preparations from the threats of pyrogens and contaminants. This study aims to determine the implementation of aseptic dispensing for non-cytostatic injectable drugs and the sterility of intravenous mixed preparations in the Internal Medicine Inpatient Ward of 'X' hospital, West Java for the period January - February 2022. This was a descriptive observational prospective study with a cross sectional approach. Researchers made direct observations of dispensing personnel, room and equipment as well as the process of aseptic dispensing activities including the stages of preparation, mixing, storage and disposal as well as sterility test of aseptic dispensing products. Based on the study results, it was obtained that of the 150 intravenous mixed preparations collected, there were 40 activities of diluting intravenous preparations, 100 activities of packaging into ready-to-use preparations and 10 activities of mixing intravenous preparations into infusion fluids, room suitability by 74%, preparations arrangement procedure by 68%, mixing procedure by 44%, storage procedure by 100% and disposal procedure by 63%. It can be concluded that the aseptic dispensing of non-cytostatic injection drugs in the internal medicine inpatient ward of 'X' hospital, West Java was not in accordance with the guidelines, especially at the mixing procedure stage (≤50). Compliance of dispensing personnel and room cleanliness during the process of mixing intravenous preparations need to be considered. The result of the identification of contamination during  the aseptic dispensing activity of non-cytostatic injectable drugs showed that 1 in 150 samples (0.66%) was contaminated

Analisa Kesesuaian Peresepan Obat Pasien Bpjs Kesehatan dengan Formularium Nasional di Puskesmas Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2016

LJaminan kesehatan adalah jaminan berupa perlindungan kesehatan agar peserta memperoleh manfaat pemeliharaan kesehatan dan perlindungan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan dasar kesehatan yang diberikan kepada setiap orang yang telah membayar iuran atau iurannya dibayar oleh pemerintah. Salah satu tempat pelayanan kesehatan tingkat pertama melalui sistem jaminan kesehatan adalah Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS). Pemenuhan kebutuhan pasien berupa jenis obat yang harus tersedia pada peresepan dan pemesanan perlu disusun suatu daftar (formularium) dari semua obat yang ada di stok atau sudah tersedia. Dalam penggunaan obat di Puskesmas untuk pasien BPJS Kesehatan berpedoman pada standar terapi yang dikeluarkan oleh kementrian kesehatan yaitu formularium nasional (fornas) agar penggunaan obat pada pasien lebih rasional. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kesesuaian peresepan obat pasien BPJS Kesehatan dengan Formularium Nasional berdasarkan kelas terapi dan kesesuaian ketersediaan item obat formularium nasional dengan daftar item obat formularium nasional di Puskesmas Kabupaten Tangerang Tahun 2016. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif non eksperimental yang bersifat deskriptif. Hasil penelitian Kesesuaian peresepan Obat dengan Formularium Nasional Berdasarkan Kelas Terapi dari 10 besar tertinggi sudah mencapai 100%, pada kesesuaian total peresepean yang di resepkan di puskesmas kabupaten Tangerang baru mencapai > 80%. Sedangkan rata-rata proprosi item obat formularium nasional dengan daftar item obat formularium nasional maish sangat rendah >50%. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah peresepan obat pasien BPJS Kesehatan dengan Formularium Nasional berdasarkan kelas terapi di puskesmas kabupaten Tangerang tahun 2016 sudah sesuai sedangkan ketersediaan item obat formularium nasional dengan daftar item obat formularium nasional masih belum sesuai. Kata kunci : BPJS Kesehatan, Peresepan, Formularium nasiona

IFNγ modulates human immunoglobulin receptor expression in lipoaspirate-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Background: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has been reported to have immunomodulator capacity against autoimmune diseases and to prevent allogenic tissue rejection. Many studies revealed that MSC’s inhibit T cell proliferation and induce immunosuppressive condition through the production of prostaglandins, and interleukin-10. In addition, MSC was reported to reduce circulating autoantibody in autoimmune patients following MSC transfusion. So far, there has been no report stating the presence of Fc receptors (receptors for immunoglobulin) on MSCs. The aim of this study was to reveal the expression of FcγRs in lipoaspirate-derived MSCs by measuring transcription of FcγR mRNA and whether the expression can be modulated.Methods: Lipoaspirate-derived MSCs were cultured in suitable medium and confirmed to be MSCs according to the criteria published by International Society for Cellular Therapy. Total mRNA of MSCs was isolated, and detection of human FcγRI, FcγRIIA and FcγRIIB mRNA was performed. Further, modulation of the expression was tested using heat aggregated gamma globulin (HAGG) and interferon (IFN)γ.Results: FcγRs mRNA was detected in the first passage of MSCs. However, the expression was no longer present after more than 4 passages. Further, increased level of FcγRI and FcγRIIA mRNA expression was detected with the addition of IFNγ in the culture. This preliminary finding opens a new insight for the understanding of interaction between MSCs and immunoglobulin G through FcγRs.Conclusion: Lipoaspirate-derived MSCs express FcγRs, and the expression is modulated by IFNγ

Effect of methanol extracts of nony fruit on mice infected by RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii

Intraperitoneal infection of Type I Toxoplasma gondii on mice causes high mortality at a short time due to parasitic burden, immunosuppression, cell and tissue damage. The mice survival is increased after treated with drugs that reduce or destroy tachyzoite and modulate or recovered the immune system. Nony fruit (Morinda citrifolia) is popular as immunomudulator and has antoxoplasma properties. The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of nony fruit and Fansidar® (pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine) to reduce tachyzoite and improve survival as well as immunomudulator on mice following toxoplasma infection. Mice was divided into six groups (10 mice respectively) consist of infected-non treated groups, infected + Fansidar®, infected + ethanol extract of nony on several doses (100, 50, 25%) and non infected-non treated groups. All mice on each groups were infected intraperitoneally by 5 x 106 and 2,5 x 103 RH strain of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoite/mice respectively. The results have shown that Fansidar® was successfully to reduced tachyzoite and improved mice survival but the ethanol extract of nony fruit was failed