Ingatlanforgalmi ügyek a késő középkori magyarországi mezővárosokban és falvakban

The legality of contracts in estate matters (purchase, exchange, pawn or transmission of the property) was alsó depended on the official acknowledgement of local magistrates. As a result, towns and villages issued many charters concerning these types of matters. In this study I attempt to give an account describing the characteristic and structure of these charters and the transactions behind them. Charters relating to sales contracts of estates are considered as the most formularized and therefore most comparable sources. The declaration of the vendor became a sterile, artificial and staged Latin text. But due to this transformation, the elements of customary law concerning sale and purchase: the neighbourhood's pre-emptive rights, the warranties and the ritual pledge or toast called in Hungárián 'áldomás', which the texts themselves more or less show in formulas, can be studied and compared. The security of the transaction was strengthened by the institution of warranty. It was commonly used in all kinds of real estate sales and other priváté contracts. The vendor warranted to defend and reimburse damages of the new owners and their heirs in case of any subsequent proceedings relating to the estate. The formulas of the warranty can be grouped into three categories: 1. protective clause (tutoria): the vendor defends the new owners at his own expense, 2. strife clause (calumpnia): if anybody (the vendor or his relatives) sue for the estate, is guilty and has to pay, 3. guarantee or „warranty" clause (evictio): if the vendor would not defend the new owners, pays a compensation. I alsó try to analyse the examples of the neighbourhood's pre-emptive rights and the distinctive features and identical marks of the exchange, pawn or transmission cases. The testamentary matters give surely the most complex and most diverse forms shown in the charters. In front of the council the will could have been declared by the still alive testator or the inheritors or the executors. The succession could have been decided in civil suits and compromises. The inheritors could have acquired the property in return for the testator's debts. The examined source material offers somé examples for support agreements and care contracts, as well. Finally I attempt to describe the wide and straight territorial competence of the towns and villages. The wide competence means that the transferred property did not have to lie within the boundaries of the settlement itself. It was enough if the vendors or the buyers were local citizens. When others take fassio in front of the town council and the purchased property is alsó in another village, the town is probably a centre of a greater latifundium. But the territorial competence could have been tighten by others: the landlord or ecclesiastical institutions functioned as places of authentication (loca credibilia). Especially such ecclesiastical institutions have "ingested" the job of writing and issuing charters about estate matters concerning the territorial jurisdiction of town councils. It is remarkable, however, that these markét towns are rather similar to the free royal cities (which were far above them in terms of their legal position) in respect of their charters and legal practice. It is not just following the sample, but alsó social development, as well. After humble beginnings in the fourteenth century, the analysed material quantitatively increased in the second and third decades of the fifteenth century, then in the period of 1470-1526 another turn can be detected. The jurisdiction of towns and villages and their official written culture have already reached a standard that was necessary to their administration. In early modern times, only the continuity and further development of this advanced and high-quality local practice, legal knowledge and law enforcement can be observed

Áttekintő jegyzék Andrea dal Burgo, Johann Schneidpeck, és Sigmund von Herberstein követek jelentéseiről a magyar–cseh királyi udvarból (1521–1525)

Verzeichnis der diplomatischen Berichte der Gesandten Andrea dal Burgo, Johann Schneitpeck und Sigmund von Herberstein aus dem ungarischen–böhmischen Hof (1521–1525): Die etwa 200 Missionsberichte von den habsburgischen (von Erzherzog Ferdinand I. und von seinem Bruder, Kaiser Karl V. delegierten) Gesandten aus dem Hof des ungarischen und böhmischen Königs Ludwig II. aus den Jahren 1521 bis 1525 bilden eine wichtige, aber bis heute nicht ganz bekannte Quellenreihe für ungarische und mitteleuropäische politische Geschichte. Diese Berichte wurden von zwei „ständigen“ Diplomaten und von einem erzherzoglichen „Sonderbotschafter“: von Andrea dal Burgo (Andrea Borgo, Latein: Andreas Burgus, 1467–1533) vom Sommer 1521 bis Oktober 1523, von Johann Schneitpeck (Schneidpöck, Schnaidpeck, Schnapek), Freiherr von Schönkirchen (1475– um 1527) bis Juni 1525 (die Stücke von Oktober 1524 bis Ende seiner Gesandtschaft fehlen) und daneben einige Briefe von Sigmund von Herberstein (1486–1566) aus den Jahren 1523 und 1525 geschrieben. Burgo sandte Berichte gleichzeitig und regelmäßig vier Personen: Neben Karl V. und Ferdinand I. auch den zwei einflussreichen Vertrauten des Erzherzogs, dem Schatzmeister Gabriel Salamanca und dem Bischof von Trient, Großkanzler Bernard von Cles. Zusätzlich schrieb er gelegentlich an weiteren Persönlichkeiten (an dem Hochmeister der Deutschen Ordens Albrecht von Brandenburg, an dem niederösterreichischen Vizedom Lorenz Saurer oder an dem Bischof Pietro Bonomo). Schneitpeck war weniger aktiv: er schrieb keinen Brief an Cles, und wahrscheinlich schickte er nur einen Brief an dem Kaiser. Alle Berichte sind – entsprechend der diplomatischen Praxis des XVI. Jahrhunderts – formale Briefe mit Anrede- und Abschiedsformel und Unterschrift. Thematisch sind die Berichte abweichend: Die verschiedenen Informationen wurden in getrennten Absätze beigebracht. Die Sprache der Berichte ist ausschließlich Latein. Sehr wenige, nur acht Antwortbriefe des Erzherzogs blieb erhalten, aber die autographen Kommentare des Schatzmeisters und die Schlüsselwörter zu einer Antwort sind auf insgesamt vier Briefen am Rand zu beobachten. Unsere Quellen werden in verschiedenen Archiven aufbewahrt. Die Berichte an Kaiser Karl V. sind in Simancas (Archivo General de Simancas, abgek. S) befindlich, die Briefe an Ferdinand und Salamanca werden in Wien

VI. Adorján (Hadrianus) pápa (1522-1523) magyar vonatkozású bullái : forrásközlés

This paper deals with all of the papai bulls, which were issued under the short pontificate of Popé Adrián VI (1522-1523) and are referred to the dioceses of the late medieval Hungárián Kingdom. The texts of these bulls are mostly remained as simple copies in the volumes of the two main series of papai registers preserved in the Vatican Secret Archives (ASV): the Vatican Registers (Registra Vaticana or in Italian: Registri Vaticani; abbreviated: Reg. Vat.) and the Lateran Registers (Registra Lateranensia or Registri Lateranensi; Reg. Lat.). One reference to a buli in a lost volume of the Lateran Registers has been discovered according to the testimony of a sixteenth century index (see text no. 2). Apart from these two other bulls are missing from the registers, but they have survived as originals in the secret archives of the Chapter of Pozsony (today Bratislava) and are preserved nowdays in the Slovak National Archives (see no. 3/a and b). In the examined volumes of the Vatican Registers two appointments of bishops are remained. Both of them are appointments with a transfer: Popé Adrián VI appointed György Szatmári, former bishop of Pécs as archbishop of Esztergom and László Szálkái, bishop of Vác as bishop of Eger in two main bulls (see texts no. 5/a and 6/a) and issued further additional bulls for the related disposals and notifications, 17 pieces in all (see no. 5/b to 5/j and 6/b to 6/i). These two cases have been already known through the publications of Augustin Theiner, but he published the bulls only partially (merely the texts of no. 5/b, 5/j and 6/a). The affairs discovered in the Lateran Registers are all hitherto unknown. These form two appointments issued in five bulls altogether. Johannes Kelberzer, canon of Pozsony and member of the retinue of the diplomatic embassy sent by Archduke Ferdinánd of Austria to Romé in 1523, gained the honour of papai acolyte (see no. 1), and the former Hungárián royal secretary, the Croatian-born Illés Bucsai (Dragesic), provost of Leles became titular bishop of Hippo i.e. auxiliary bishop in the diocese of Esztergom (see texts no. 4/a to 4/e). The bulls (signed with numbers by the different affairs and within one affair by letters) are published in chronological order of the issue and with full text, but in the case of additional bulls sometimes the iterative formular elements have been omitted. This time the sign (—•) refers to that item, in which the omitted section occurs. Ali items were issued in Rome. The abbreviated names of curial officers are completed in brackets; these officers have been identified due to the Repertórium Officialium Romanae Curiae by Thomas Frenz (http://wwws.phil.unipassau. de/histhw/RORC/)