Casi e materiali di diritto commerciale

Il volume raccoglie i casi trattati nelle esercitazioni di Diritto Commerciale I e II nel corso dell’A.A. 2012/2013. Esso vuole costituire, prima di tutto, per gli studenti che frequentano i corsi di Diritto commerciale uno strumento di approfondimento e conoscenza nel concreto dell’applicazione giurisprudenziale delle principali tematiche affrontate a lezione e una guida per la partecipazione alle esercitazioni; ma ancor più serve agli studenti che, per scelta o per necessità, non frequentano i corsi, in quanto li mette di fronte ad una diversa prospettiva di analisi delle norme e li aiuta a comprendere ragioni e metodi dello studio del Diritto Commerciale, più di quanto potrebbe fare la semplice lettura non guidata dei testi didattici e delle norme. Ciascun caso viene presentato secondo uno schema standard: 1) il provvedimento e gli eventuali atti, sfrondati delle parti non strettamente necessarie agli scopi didattici; 2) i titoletti (che servono a classificare la pronuncia secondo partizioni prefissate, consentendo al lettore di individuare immediatamente l’argomento cui attiene e il principio di diritto affermato); 3) i richiami normativi, che individuano le norme la cui lettura e comprensione è indispensabile allo studio del caso; 4) la massima, che enuncia analiticamente il principio di diritto contenuto nel provvedimento; 5) il commento, che guida il lettore attraverso il ragionamento condotto dal giudice, indicandogli il percorso logico/giuridico e le regole di diritto positivo utilizzate per la soluzione del caso; 6) le indicazioni bibliografiche, volutamente non troppo ampie, giacché si limitano a rimandare ad alcune fonti ulteriori che rappresentano punti di partenza basilari per avviare uno studio analitico di ciascuna tematica. Talvolta al centro dell’approfondimento non è una pronuncia giurisprudenziale, ma un documento, parimenti idoneo ad illuminare aspetti problematici o particolarmente interessanti nella prospettiva dello studio del Diritto commerciale. In questo caso, al documento seguono immediatamente il commento/guida alla lettura e le indicazioni bibliografiche. I temi ruotano intorno ai nuclei fondamentali del diritto commerciale. L’impresa, innanzitutto, nelle sue articolate qualificazioni di impresa commerciale, agricola e artigiana, nonché negli aspetti concorrenziali. Il diritto societario, nella “summa divisio” fra società personali e società di capitali, senza trascurare i problemi che l’approvvigionamento dei mezzi finanziari sul mercato solleva a carico dei risparmiatori. E le procedure concorsuali, declinate soprattutto nel fallimento, che – nonostante la travagliata e sempre incompiuta riforma – resta al centro del sistema concorsuale

A novel planar optical sensor for simultaneous monitoring of oxygen, carbon dioxide, pH and temperature

The first quadruple luminescent sensor is presented which enables simultaneous detection of three chemical parameters and temperature. A multi-layer material is realized and combines two spectrally independent dually sensing systems. The first layer employs ethylcellulose containing the carbon dioxide sensing chemistry (fluorescent pH indicator 8-hydroxy-pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (HPTS) and a lipophilic tetraalkylammonium base). The cross-linked polymeric beads stained with a phosphorescent iridium(III) complex are also dispersed in ethylcellulose and serve both for oxygen sensing and as a reference for HPTS. The second (pH/temperature) dually sensing system relies on the use of a pH-sensitive lipophilic seminaphthorhodafluor derivative and luminescent chromium(III)-activated yttrium aluminum borate particles (simultaneously acting as a temperature probe and as a reference for the pH indicator) which are embedded in polyurethane hydrogel layer. A silicone layer is used to spatially separate both dually sensing systems and to insure permeation selectivity for the CO2/O2 layer. The CO2/O2 and the pH/temperature layers are excitable with a blue and a red LED, respectively, and the emissions are isolated with help of optical filters. The measurements are performed at two modulation frequencies for each sensing system and the modified Dual Lifetime Referencing method is used to access the analytical information. The feasibility of the simultaneous four-parameter sensing is demonstrated. However, the practical applicability of the material may be compromised by its high complexity and by the performance of individual indicators

Global dataset of soil organic carbon in tidal marshes.

Tidal marshes store large amounts of organic carbon in their soils. Field data quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks provide an important resource for researchers, natural resource managers, and policy-makers working towards the protection, restoration, and valuation of these ecosystems. We collated a global dataset of tidal marsh soil organic carbon (MarSOC) from 99 studies that includes location, soil depth, site name, dry bulk density, SOC, and/or soil organic matter (SOM). The MarSOC dataset includes 17,454 data points from 2,329 unique locations, and 29 countries. We generated a general transfer function for the conversion of SOM to SOC. Using this data we estimated a median (± median absolute deviation) value of 79.2 ± 38.1 Mg SOC ha-1 in the top 30 cm and 231 ± 134 Mg SOC ha-1 in the top 1 m of tidal marsh soils globally. This data can serve as a basis for future work, and may contribute to incorporation of tidal marsh ecosystems into climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and policies

Global dataset of soil organic carbon in tidal marshes

Tidal marshes store large amounts of organic carbon in their soils. Field data quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks provide an important resource for researchers, natural resource managers, and policy-makers working towards the protection, restoration, and valuation of these ecosystems. We collated a global dataset of tidal marsh soil organic carbon (MarSOC) from 99 studies that includes location, soil depth, site name, dry bulk density, SOC, and/or soil organic matter (SOM). The MarSOC dataset includes 17,454 data points from 2,329 unique locations, and 29 countries. We generated a general transfer function for the conversion of SOM to SOC. Using this data we estimated a median (± median absolute deviation) value of 79.2 ± 38.1 Mg SOC ha−1 in the top 30 cm and 231 ± 134 Mg SOC ha−1 in the top 1 m of tidal marsh soils globally. This data can serve as a basis for future work, and may contribute to incorporation of tidal marsh ecosystems into climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and policies

Soft-lithographic replication of 3D microstructures with closed loops

There is growing interest in lithographic technologies for creating 3D microstructures. Such techniques are generally serial in nature, prohibiting the mass production of devices. Soft-lithographic techniques show great promise for simple and rapid replication of arrays of microstructures but have heretofore not been capable of direct replication of structures with closed loops. We demonstrate that 3D microstructures created with multiphoton absorption polymerization can be replicated by using microtransfer molding to afford complex daughter structures containing closed loops. This method relieves many of the topological constraints of soft lithography, paving the way for the large-scale replication of true 3D microstructures

Camping Burner-Based Flame Emission Spectrometer for Classroom Demonstrations

A flame emission spectrometer was built in-house for the purpose of introducing this analytical technique to students at the high school level. The aqueous sample is sprayed through a homemade nebulizer into the air inlet of a consumer-grade propane camping burner. The resulting flame is analyzed by a commercial array spectrometer for the visible spectrum in the range of 350–1000 nm. The cost of the instrument is mainly given by that of the spectrometer and computer/projector. The obtained emission spectrum is characteristic of each individual atom, such as sodium (589 nm) and potassium (766 nm), or molecule, such as calcium hydroxide (554 and 622 nm). The readout signal (either peak height or peak area) is shown to be proportional to the sample concentration. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses may be performed with this robust and low-cost device. Samples can be rapidly changed, giving a 95% response time of under 3 s. The analytical figures of merit were characterized for calcium, potassium, and sodium in different water samples, and the resulting precision (standard deviation) for a 1 s acquisition time was typically on the order of 2%. Observed calcium levels were lower than expected because of the presence of refractory compounds, such as calcium phosphate or sulfate, that are difficult to fully atomize with the simple flame used here. Lanthanum(III) chloride was successfully used to increase the calcium response. The lower limit of detection for sodium was approximately 3 ppb and comparable to that of conventional commercial emission spectrometers

Infochemistry and infofuses for the chemical storage and transmission of coded information

This article describes a self-powered system that uses chemical reactions—the thermal excitation of alkali metals—to transmit coded alphanumeric information. The transmitter (an “infofuse”) is a strip of the flammable polymer nitrocellulose patterned with alkali metal ions; this pattern encodes the information. The wavelengths of 2 consecutive pulses of light represent each alphanumeric character. While burning, infofuses transmit a sequence of pulses (at 5–20 Hz) of atomic emission that correspond to the sequence of metallic salts (and therefore to the encoded information). This system combines information technology and chemical reactions into a new area—“infochemistry”—that is the first step toward systems that combine sensing and transduction of chemical signals with multicolor transmission of alphanumeric information