Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

© 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. In this study, we aimed to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases globally, providing a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis on geographical and time trends from 1990 to 2017. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, we estimated the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality attributable to chronic respiratory diseases through an analysis of deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) by GBD super-region, from 1990 to 2017, stratified by age and sex. Specific diseases analysed included asthma, COPD, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, pneumoconiosis, and other chronic respiratory diseases. We also assessed the contribution of risk factors (smoking, second-hand smoke, ambient particulate matter and ozone pollution, household air pollution from solid fuels, and occupational risks) to chronic respiratory disease-attributable DALYs. Findings: In 2017, 544·9 million people (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 506·9–584·8) worldwide had a chronic respiratory disease, representing an increase of 39·8% compared with 1990. Chronic respiratory disease prevalence showed wide variability across GBD super-regions, with the highest prevalence among both males and females in high-income regions, and the lowest prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia. The age-sex-specific prevalence of each chronic respiratory disease in 2017 was also highly variable geographically. Chronic respiratory diseases were the third leading cause of death in 2017 (7·0% [95% UI 6·8–7·2] of all deaths), behind cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths due to chronic respiratory diseases numbered 3 914 196 (95% UI 3 790 578–4 044 819) in 2017, an increase of 18·0% since 1990, while total DALYs increased by 13·3%. However, when accounting for ageing and population growth, declines were observed in age-standardised prevalence (14·3% decrease), age-standardised death rates (42·6%), and age-standardised DALY rates (38·2%). In males and females, most chronic respiratory disease-attributable deaths and DALYs were due to COPD. In regional analyses, mortality rates from chronic respiratory diseases were greatest in south Asia and lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, also across both sexes. Notably, although absolute prevalence was lower in south Asia than in most other super-regions, YLLs due to chronic respiratory diseases across the subcontinent were the highest in the world. Death rates due to interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis were greater than those due to pneumoconiosis in all super-regions. Smoking was the leading risk factor for chronic respiratory disease-related disability across all regions for men. Among women, household air pollution from solid fuels was the predominant risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, while ambient particulate matter represented the leading risk factor in southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania, and in the Middle East and north Africa super-region. Interpretation: Our study shows that chronic respiratory diseases remain a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with growth in absolute numbers but sharp declines in several age-standardised estimators since 1990. Premature mortality from chronic respiratory diseases seems to be highest in regions with less-resourced health systems on a per-capita basis. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits - the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants - determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits - almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait-based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.Rest of authors: Decky Junaedi, Robert R. Junker, Eric Justes, Richard Kabzems, Jeffrey Kane, Zdenek Kaplan, Teja Kattenborn, Lyudmila Kavelenova, Elizabeth Kearsley, Anne Kempel, Tanaka Kenzo, Andrew Kerkhoff, Mohammed I. Khalil, Nicole L. Kinlock, Wilm Daniel Kissling, Kaoru Kitajima, Thomas Kitzberger, Rasmus Kjøller, Tamir Klein, Michael Kleyer, Jitka Klimešová, Joice Klipel, Brian Kloeppel, Stefan Klotz, Johannes M. H. Knops, Takashi Kohyama, Fumito Koike, Johannes Kollmann, Benjamin Komac, Kimberly Komatsu, Christian König, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Koen Kramer, Holger Kreft, Ingolf Kühn, Dushan Kumarathunge, Jonas Kuppler, Hiroko Kurokawa, Yoko Kurosawa, Shem Kuyah, Jean-Paul Laclau, Benoit Lafleur, Erik Lallai, Eric Lamb, Andrea Lamprecht, Daniel J. Larkin, Daniel Laughlin, Yoann Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Guerric le Maire, Peter C. le Roux, Elizabeth le Roux, Tali Lee, Frederic Lens, Simon L. Lewis, Barbara Lhotsky, Yuanzhi Li, Xine Li, Jeremy W. Lichstein, Mario Liebergesell, Jun Ying Lim, Yan-Shih Lin, Juan Carlos Linares, Chunjiang Liu, Daijun Liu, Udayangani Liu, Stuart Livingstone, Joan Llusià, Madelon Lohbeck, Álvaro López-García, Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez, Zdeňka Lososová, Frédérique Louault, Balázs A. Lukács, Petr Lukeš, Yunjian Luo, Michele Lussu, Siyan Ma, Camilla Maciel Rabelo Pereira, Michelle Mack, Vincent Maire, Annikki Mäkelä, Harri Mäkinen, Ana Claudia Mendes Malhado, Azim Mallik, Peter Manning, Stefano Manzoni, Zuleica Marchetti, Luca Marchino, Vinicius Marcilio-Silva, Eric Marcon, Michela Marignani, Lars Markesteijn, Adam Martin, Cristina Martínez-Garza, Jordi Martínez-Vilalta, Tereza Mašková, Kelly Mason, Norman Mason, Tara Joy Massad, Jacynthe Masse, Itay Mayrose, James McCarthy, M. Luke McCormack, Katherine McCulloh, Ian R. McFadden, Brian J. McGill, Mara Y. McPartland, Juliana S. Medeiros, Belinda Medlyn, Pierre Meerts, Zia Mehrabi, Patrick Meir, Felipe P. L. Melo, Maurizio Mencuccini, Céline Meredieu, Julie Messier, Ilona Mészáros, Juha Metsaranta, Sean T. Michaletz, Chrysanthi Michelaki, Svetlana Migalina, Ruben Milla, Jesse E. D. Miller, Vanessa Minden, Ray Ming, Karel Mokany, Angela T. Moles, Attila Molnár V, Jane Molofsky, Martin Molz, Rebecca A. Montgomery, Arnaud Monty, Lenka Moravcová, Alvaro Moreno-Martínez, Marco Moretti, Akira S. Mori, Shigeta Mori, Dave Morris, Jane Morrison, Ladislav Mucina, Sandra Mueller, Christopher D. Muir, Sandra Cristina Müller, François Munoz, Isla H. Myers-Smith, Randall W. Myster, Masahiro Nagano, Shawna Naidu, Ayyappan Narayanan, Balachandran Natesan, Luka Negoita, Andrew S. Nelson, Eike Lena Neuschulz, Jian Ni, Georg Niedrist, Jhon Nieto, Ülo Niinemets, Rachael Nolan, Henning Nottebrock, Yann Nouvellon, Alexander Novakovskiy, The Nutrient Network, Kristin Odden Nystuen, Anthony O'Grady, Kevin O'Hara, Andrew O'Reilly-Nugent, Simon Oakley, Walter Oberhuber, Toshiyuki Ohtsuka, Ricardo Oliveira, Kinga Öllerer, Mark E. Olson, Vladimir Onipchenko, Yusuke Onoda, Renske E. Onstein, Jenny C. Ordonez, Noriyuki Osada, Ivika Ostonen, Gianluigi Ottaviani, Sarah Otto, Gerhard E. Overbeck, Wim A. Ozinga, Anna T. Pahl, C. E. Timothy Paine, Robin J. Pakeman, Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou, Evgeniya Parfionova, Meelis Pärtel, Marco Patacca, Susana Paula, Juraj Paule, Harald Pauli, Juli G. Pausas, Begoña Peco, Josep Penuelas, Antonio Perea, Pablo Luis Peri, Ana Carolina Petisco-Souza, Alessandro Petraglia, Any Mary Petritan, Oliver L. Phillips, Simon Pierce, Valério D. Pillar, Jan Pisek, Alexandr Pomogaybin, Hendrik Poorter, Angelika Portsmuth, Peter Poschlod, Catherine Potvin, Devon Pounds, A. Shafer Powell, Sally A. Power, Andreas Prinzing, Giacomo Puglielli, Petr Pyšek, Valerie Raevel, Anja Rammig, Johannes Ransijn, Courtenay A. Ray, Peter B. Reich, Markus Reichstein, Douglas E. B. Reid, Maxime Réjou-Méchain, Victor Resco de Dios, Sabina Ribeiro, Sarah Richardson, Kersti Riibak, Matthias C. Rillig, Fiamma Riviera, Elisabeth M. R. Robert, Scott Roberts, Bjorn Robroek, Adam Roddy, Arthur Vinicius Rodrigues, Alistair Rogers, Emily Rollinson, Victor Rolo, Christine Römermann, Dina Ronzhina, Christiane Roscher, Julieta A. Rosell, Milena Fermina Rosenfield, Christian Rossi, David B. Roy, Samuel Royer-Tardif, Nadja Rüger, Ricardo Ruiz-Peinado, Sabine B. Rumpf, Graciela M. Rusch, Masahiro Ryo, Lawren Sack, Angela Saldaña, Beatriz Salgado-Negret, Roberto Salguero-Gomez, Ignacio Santa-Regina, Ana Carolina Santacruz-García, Joaquim Santos, Jordi Sardans, Brandon Schamp, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen, Matthias Schleuning, Bernhard Schmid, Marco Schmidt, Sylvain Schmitt, Julio V. Schneider, Simon D. Schowanek, Julian Schrader, Franziska Schrodt, Bernhard Schuldt, Frank Schurr, Galia Selaya Garvizu, Marina Semchenko, Colleen Seymour, Julia C. Sfair, Joanne M. Sharpe, Christine S. Sheppard, Serge Sheremetiev, Satomi Shiodera, Bill Shipley, Tanvir Ahmed Shovon, Alrun Siebenkäs, Carlos Sierra, Vasco Silva, Mateus Silva, Tommaso Sitzia, Henrik Sjöman, Martijn Slot, Nicholas G. Smith, Darwin Sodhi, Pamela Soltis, Douglas Soltis, Ben Somers, Grégory Sonnier, Mia Vedel Sørensen, Enio Egon Sosinski Jr, Nadejda A. Soudzilovskaia, Alexandre F. Souza, Marko Spasojevic, Marta Gaia Sperandii, Amanda B. Stan, James Stegen, Klaus Steinbauer, Jörg G. Stephan, Frank Sterck, Dejan B. Stojanovic, Tanya Strydom, Maria Laura Suarez, Jens-Christian Svenning, Ivana Svitková, Marek Svitok, Miroslav Svoboda, Emily Swaine, Nathan Swenson, Marcelo Tabarelli, Kentaro Takagi, Ulrike Tappeiner, Rubén Tarifa, Simon Tauugourdeau, Cagatay Tavsanoglu, Mariska te Beest, Leho Tedersoo, Nelson Thiffault, Dominik Thom, Evert Thomas, Ken Thompson, Peter E. Thornton, Wilfried Thuiller, Lubomír Tichý, David Tissue, Mark G. Tjoelker, David Yue Phin Tng, Joseph Tobias, Péter Török, Tonantzin Tarin, José M. Torres-Ruiz, Béla Tóthmérész, Martina Treurnicht, Valeria Trivellone, Franck Trolliet, Volodymyr Trotsiuk, James L. Tsakalos, Ioannis Tsiripidis, Niklas Tysklind, Toru Umehara, Vladimir Usoltsev, Matthew Vadeboncoeur, Jamil Vaezi, Fernando Valladares, Jana Vamosi, Peter M. van Bodegom, Michiel van Breugel, Elisa Van Cleemput, Martine van de Weg, Stephni van der Merwe, Fons van der Plas, Masha T. van der Sande, Mark van Kleunen, Koenraad Van Meerbeek, Mark Vanderwel, Kim André Vanselow, Angelica Vårhammar, Laura Varone, Maribel Yesenia Vasquez Valderrama, Kiril Vassilev, Mark Vellend, Erik J. Veneklaas, Hans Verbeeck, Kris Verheyen, Alexander Vibrans, Ima Vieira, Jaime Villacís, Cyrille Violle, Pandi Vivek, Katrin Wagner, Matthew Waldram, Anthony Waldron, Anthony P. Walker, Martyn Waller, Gabriel Walther, Han Wang, Feng Wang, Weiqi Wang, Harry Watkins, James Watkins, Ulrich Weber, James T. Weedon, Liping Wei, Patrick Weigelt, Evan Weiher, Aidan W. Wells, Camilla Wellstein, Elizabeth Wenk, Mark Westoby, Alana Westwood, Philip John White, Mark Whitten, Mathew Williams, Daniel E. Winkler, Klaus Winter, Chevonne Womack, Ian J. Wright, S. Joseph Wright, Justin Wright, Bruno X. Pinho, Fabiano Ximenes, Toshihiro Yamada, Keiko Yamaji, Ruth Yanai, Nikolay Yankov, Benjamin Yguel, Kátia Janaina Zanini, Amy E. Zanne, David Zelený, Yun-Peng Zhao, Jingming Zheng, Ji Zheng, Kasia Ziemińska, Chad R. Zirbel, Georg Zizka, Irié Casimir Zo-Bi, Gerhard Zotz, Christian Wirth.Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; Max Planck Society; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; International Programme of Biodiversity Science (DIVERSITAS); International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP); Future Earth; French Foundation for Biodiversity Research (FRB); GIS ‘Climat, Environnement et Société'.http://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/gcbhj2021Plant Production and Soil Scienc

Diode laser accordable en longueur d'onde par effet Stark quantique confiné

GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF

A single-step electron beam lithography of buried nanostructures using cathodoluminescence imaging and low temperature

International audienceWe report a new electron beam lithography process using the cathodoluminescence properties of semiconductors to visualize nanostructures buried underneath the resist and to subsequently write the pattern associated with these nanostructures. This single-step process could be used, for example, to make electrical contacts to nanowires (as illustrated in this work) or to design a photonic crystal resonator centered on a single quantum dot. Fabrication speed and positioning accuracy are significantly increased as compared to the standard process since no alignment marks and the mapping step of the nanostructures with respect to these marks are needed. We show also that low temperature (down to 5 K) could be used to improve the observation of the nanostructures through the resist while keeping very good spatial resolution

MOVPE growth and characterization of core-shell nanorod heterostructures for optoelectronics.: Electronics, Photonics and Energy Applications

International audienc

Polaritons unidimensionnels dans les microfils de Zno (vers la dégénérescence quantique dans les gaz de polaritons unidimensionnels)

Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié les propriétés expérimentales des polaritons unidimensionnels dans les microfils de ZnO dans le but d'étudier le régime de dégénérescence quantique des polaritons à haute température et en régime de confinement de basse dimensionnalité. ZnO est en effet un matériau semiconducteur à grand gap dans lequel l'exciton bénéficie d'une très forte énergie de liaison qui garantit leur stabilité à température ambiante. D'autre part, la géométrie en "fil" de section hexagonale et de diamètre micrométrique confine les modes photoniques et les rend unidimensionnels. On montre que l'interaction entre l'exciton et ces modes photoniques est en régime de couplage fort, et que les polariton-excitoniques qui en résultent sont eux aussi en régime de confinement unidimensionnel. Cette thèse propose une étude détaillée de la physique de ces polaritons 1D. Dans un premier temps, on démontre que le régime de couplage fort unidimensionnel est conservé jusqu'à température ambiante avec une très grande énergie de Rabi de 300 meV pour une largeur de raie typique 75 fois plus faible. Cette faible largeur de raie, même à température ambiante, est une conséquence inattendue de la grande énergie de Rabi en comparaison de l'énergie maximum des phonons dans ZnO. Cet effet isole très efficacement les polaritons des vibrations thermiques du réseau. Nous nous sommes intéressés aussi à une structure similaire: les microfils de GaN. Dans ces fils, on profite d'une zone fortement dopée pour comparer expérimentalement le spectre en régime de couplage faible et en régime de couplage fort dans le même fil. Nous avons ensuite étudié les propriétés des gaz de polaritons dans les microfils de ZnO sous forte excitation dans le but d'atteindre le régime de dégénérescence quantique 1D. Nous démontrons qu'un régime de laser à polaritons est atteint à basse température en régime de couplage fort dans une situation inédite où les polaritons sont à 97% excitoniques. Cette propriété est comprise grâce à une étude détaillée des propriétés de relaxation des excitons vers les états de polaritons en régime de faible et forte excitations. Cette thèse donne les bases de la compréhension des polaritons unidimensionnels dans les microfils de ZnO. Les propriétés observées montrent que les microfils de ZnO sont particulièrement adaptés à l'étude des gaz de polaritons dégénérés 1D à haute température.In this thesis, we have studied the experimental properties of one-dimensional polaritons in the ZnO microwires in order to study the quantum degenerate regime in a one-dimensional polariton gas at high temperature. ZnO is a wide gap semiconductor material in which the exciton is stable at room temperature thanks to its high binding energy. The "wire" geometry with a micrometric scale hexagonal cross-section results in a one-dimensional confinement of the light. The ZnO excitons and these photonic modes are in the strong coupling regime resulting in new light-matter eigenstates called exciton-polaritons which are, as well, in the one-dimensional confinement regime. This thesis provides a detailed study of the Physics of these 1D polaritons. As a first step, we demonstrate that the one-dimensional strong coupling regime is preserved up to room temperature with a very high Rabi splitting of 300 meV for a typical linewidth 75 times smaller. This small linewidth, even at room temperature, is an unexpected consequence of the high Rabi energy compared to the maximum phonon energy in ZnO. This effect efficiently isolates the polaritons from the thermal fluctuations of the lattice. We have studied as well a similar structure: the GaN microwires. Because of a highly doped part in these wires, it is possible to compare experimentally the spectrum in weak and strong coupling regime in a single wire. We have studied the properties of such polariton gas in ZnO microwires in the high excitation regime in order to reach the 1D quantum degeneracy limit. We have demonstrated that the polariton lasing regime is obtained at low temperature in the strong coupling regime and that it exhibits an unusual situation: the lasing polariton mode is made up of 97% of exciton. This property is understood thanks to a detailed study of the relaxation properties of the excitons towards the polariton states below and above the polariton lasing threshold. This thesis provides the basics to understand the one-dimensional polaritons in ZnO microwires. The properties described in this thesis demonstrate that the ZnO microwires are particularly suitable for the study of 1D degenerate polariton gas at room temperature.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

MOVPE growth and characterization of core-shell nanorod heterostructures for optoelectronics.: Electronics, Photonics and Energy Applications

International audienc

Condensation of exciton polaritons

La condensation de Bose-Einstein est prédite par Einstein en 1925 pour des particules indiscernables de spin entier, les bosons. Il s'agit d'une transition de phase vers un état quantique de cohérence macroscopique, dont la température critique dépend directement de la masse des particules. Ce n'est qu'en 1995 qu'un condensat a pu être formé en phase gazeuse en refroidissant des atomes alcalins à la température ultra-basse de 10 6 degré Kelvin, provoquant ainsi une explosion d'activités de recherche dans le monde sur le sujet. Concernant la phase solide, les excitons dans les semi-conducteurs sont considérés comme le candidat le plus prometteur pour la condensation de Bose-Einstein. En effet leur masse est cent mille fois plus légère que celle des atomes alcalins, ce qui devrait permettre leur condensation à une température voisine du degré Kelvin. Cependant malgré de nombreuses études depuis une trentaine d'années, aucune preuve convaincante de l'existence de condensat d'excitons n'avait été apportée à ce jour. Récemment l'attention s'est portée sur les polaritons dans les microcavités semi-conductrices contenant des puits quantiques. Une microcavité semi-conductrice à puits quantiques est une hétérostructure photonique destinée à exalter l'interaction matière-rayonnement entre les excitons confinés dans le puits quantique et les photons confinés dans la microcavité. Lorsque l'énergie de ces photons coïncide avec celle des excitons, la microcavité peut entrer dans le régime de couplage fort d'oscillations de Rabi. Les nouveaux états propres du système (microcavité-puits quantique) sont appelés polaritons qui sont des états mixtes exciton-photon. Par leur nature photonique, ces bosons possèdent une masse dix mille fois plus légère que celle des excitons, un avantage certain pour l'étude de la condensation de Bose-Einstein. Nous avons observé l'occupation massive de l'état fondamental du polariton, qui se développe à partir d'un nuage de polaritons thermalisés à une température de (16-20) K. La formation du condensat est accompagnée par l'apparition spontanée de la cohérence temporelle et de la cohérence spatiale à longue portée, ainsi qu'une forte polarisation linéaire. La transition d'un état thermique à un état quantique est démontrée par des mesures de la fonction de corrélation d'ordre 2 en fonction de la densité des polaritons. L'ensemble de ces observations constitue la première évidence de la condensation de Bose-Einstein en phase solide.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF