Development and validation of the Short Version of Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire (DOQ) to assess obstacles in managing Type 2 diabetes among patients of Estonia

The aim of this study was to develop the Short Version of Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire (SDOQ), a less time consuming measure, to assess the obstacles in managing type 2 diabetes among patients in Estonia. The SDOQ is based on the 78-item Diabetes Obstacles Questionnaire previously validated in Estonia (DOQ; Kongi, 2001; Hearnshaw, Dale, Sturt, Vermeire, and Van Royen, 2007). 267 respondents participated in the study (137 in Estonia, 130 in Slovenia). General practitioners invited 5 consecutive diabetic patients to participate in the study, who completed the DOQ and the Problem Areas in Diabetes Score (PAID; Welch, Jacobson, and Polonsky, 1997). Demographic and medical data was collected in addition. Statistical analyses for estimating dimensionality and homogeneity of the measure, and correlations with the PAID and glycemic control were performed in SPSS version 15.0. Further analysis of dimensionality of the SDOQ subscales, and measurement invariance cross culturally was estimated on data of Estonian and Slovenian respondents with single- and multi-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with program Lisrel 8.80 (Jöerskog & Sörbrom, 2006). CFA resulted in the 40-item measure with 6 subscales. The subscales demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha .67-.86 in Estonia, and .66- .85 in Slovenia) and CFA models showed acceptable fit levels. Most subscales were significantly correlated with the PAID (Pearson r from 0.15 to 0.46 in Estonia, and .07-.45). Acceptable measurement invariance was only partly confirmed. Therefore, future research is needed to confirm the cross-cultural validity of the SDOQ. In conclusion, the SDOQ is a valid instrument to measure obstacles to treatment adherence and diabetes self-management living in Estonia.http://tartu.ester.ee/record=b2647738~S1*es

Self-initiation and temporal cueing of monaural tones reduce the auditory N1 and P2

Event-related potentials (ERPs) to tones that are self-initiated are reduced in their magnitude in comparison with ERPs to tones that are externally generated. This phenomenon has been taken as evidence for an efference copy of the motor command acting to suppress the sensory response. However, self-initiation provides a strong temporal cue for the stimulus which might also contribute to the ERP suppression for self-initiated tones. The current experiment sought to investigate the suppression of monaural tones by temporal cueing and also whether the addition of self-initiation enhanced this suppression. Lastly, the experiment sought to investigate the lateralisation of the ERP suppression via presenting these monaural tones to each ear respectively. We examined source waveforms extracted from the lateralised auditory cortices and measured the modulation of the N1 and P2 components by cueing and self-initiation. Self-initiation significantly reduced the amplitude of the N1 component. Temporal cueing without self-initiation significantly reduced the P2 component. There were no significant differences in the amplitude of either the N1 or the P2 between self-initiation and temporal cuing. There was a significant lateralisation effect on the N1it being significantly larger contralateral to the ear of stimulation. There was no interaction between lateralisation and side of the temporal cue or side of self-initiation suggesting that the effects of self-initiation and temporal cuing are equal bilaterally. We conclude that a significant proportion of ERP suppression by self-initiation is a result of inherent temporal cueing.9 page(s