26 research outputs found

    Assessing the interactions among factors affecting the light-weight deflectometer measurements

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    Many different factors can influence the outcomes of light-weight deflectometer (LWD) tests. Some of these factors are specific to the type of the used LWD, while others are related to the testing conditions. This paper summarizes the findings of a detailed investigation into the relationships between variables altering the measurements of the light-weight deflectometer test. Field testing was performed to investigate the effect of the sensing configuration (measurement of plate vs ground surface) and testing configuration (in terms of applied load magnitude, number of loadings, and moisture content). To accomplish this objective, a number of in situ LWD and moisture content investigations were conducted on two selected construction materials, namely, sandy subgrade soil and unbound granular material. Considering the multiple influencing factors involved in this study and the material dependency, relationships between the plate deformations and ground deformations could be developed, something which will help in overcoming the standardization problem of various LWD devices and their effect on the compaction control process. © 2023, The Author(s)

    Kall Ätervinning av asfalt i verk : uppföljning av provvÀgar och kontrollstrÀckor i Hallands, Södermanlands och GÀvleborgs lÀn

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    Cold recycling of asphalt is a resource-saving technology because the materials do not need to be warmed up. Moreover, by using this technique, up to 100 per cent reclaimed asphalt concrete (RA) could be recycled. However, in order to achieve good results, the old RA should be processed in a proper manner. The report presents results of tests carried out on road N-714, part Vessigebro–Ätrafors and road N 530, part SĂ„ghuset–Skönhult in Halland in addition to road D-976, StrĂ€ngnĂ€s and road D-957, Vansö in Södermanland. Moreover, this report presents results of tests performed on road X-583, part Ljusne–Sandarne in GĂ€vleborg. The mechanical properties have been investigated by indirect tensile strength and stiffness modulus for RA mixtures and drill cores. The tests results showed that part of the damage that may be encountered when using cold recycled asphalt coatings can be in the form of loss of surface materials, mechanical damage due to relatively soft road surfaces and unevenness of the road surface.Kall Ă„tervinning av asfaltbelĂ€ggning Ă€r en resurssnĂ„l teknik eftersom materialet endast behöver vĂ€rmas upp mĂ„ttligt eller inte alls. Vid dessa tekniker kan upp mot 100 procent gammal asfalt Ă„tervinnas, men för ett bra resultat Ă€r det viktigt att de gamla asfaltmassorna förbehandlas pĂ„ ett riktigt sĂ€tt. I rapporten redovisas provvĂ€gsförsök pĂ„ vĂ€g N-714, delen Vessigebro–Ätrafors och vĂ€g N 530, delen SĂ„ghuset–Skönhult i Halland plus vĂ€g D-976, StrĂ€ngnĂ€s och vĂ€g D-957, Vansö i Södermanland. Dessutom redovisar rapporten resultat av provvĂ€gsförsök pĂ„ vĂ€g X-583, delen Ljusne–Sandarne i GĂ€vleborgs lĂ€n. De mekaniska egenskaperna har undersökts genom pressdraghĂ„llfasthet och styvhetsmodul för bĂ„de massaprov och borrkĂ€rnor. De skador som förekommit pĂ„ kalla Ă„tervinningsbelĂ€ggningar kan sammanfattas Ă€r i huvudsak sten- och materiallossning (stenslĂ€pp), mekaniska skador pĂ„ grund av mjuk vĂ€gyta (deformation och sprickor) samt ojĂ€mnheter pĂ„ grund av tröglagd massa.Denna rapport Ă€r en översĂ€ttning och sammanfattning av: VĂ€gverket. Publikation 2004:91. Handbok för Ă„tervinning av asfalt; VTI notat 1-2001, Kall och halvvarm Ă„tervinning av asfalt i verk: del 1 - laboratorieprovning av Torbjörn Jacobson och Fredrik Hornwall; VTI notat 28-2001, Kall och halvvarm Ă„tervinning av asfalt i verk: del 2 - provvĂ€gar och kontrollstrĂ€ckor av Torbjörn Jacobson samt VTI notat 62-1999, Kall Ă„tervinning av asfaltbelĂ€ggning: provvĂ€gsförsök i VĂ€rmland - sju Ă„rs efarenheter av Torbjörn Jacobson och Fredrik Hornwall</p

    AnvÀndning av LWD vid bedömning av egenskaperna hos finkornig jord i undergrund med kopplingtill M-E Pavement Design

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    The current project focuses on using the VTI’s multifunctional light weight deflectometer (LWD) to estimate the dynamic deformation moduli of fine-grained soil under repeated loading. The research focuses also on finding new relationships where results from repeated LWD tests can be used later in mechanistic-empirical pavement design.  The project is also aimed to verify the matching between the accumulated permanent strain of the tested soil measured by the in-situ repeated LWD and the accumulated permanent strain models adopted in mechanistic-empirical pavement designDet aktuella projektet fokuserar pĂ„ att anvĂ€nda VTI:s multifunktionella lĂ€tta fallviktsmĂ€tare (LWD) för att uppskatta dynamiska deformationsmoduler av finkornig jord under upprepad belastning. Forskningen fokuserar ocksĂ„ pĂ„ att hitta nya korrelationer dĂ€r resultat frĂ„n upprepade LWD--försök kan anvĂ€ndas senare i mekanistisk-empirisk vĂ€gdesign.  Projektet syftar ocksĂ„ till att kontrollera matchningen mellan den ackumulerade permanenta töjningen av den testade jorden mĂ€tt med upprepade LWD-försök i fĂ€lt och de ackumulerade permanenta töjningsmodeller som antagits i mekanistisk empirisk vĂ€gdesign

    Varm Ätervinning av asfalt i verk : en allmÀn kvalitetskontroll för Ätervinning av varm asfaltsmix: svenska fallstudier

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    This notat aims to highlight the various demands on hot recycling of asphalt at a plant and to study how the recycled asphalt mixtures differ from the new one and how much asphalt granules that can be mixed without affecting the pavement performance negatively. The report presents a translation from Swedish to English of already published reports on hot recycling of asphalt in Sweden. Hot recycling at a central plant is a technique that has increased in popularity over the past years and today there are large numbers of asphalt recycling plants adapted for hot recycling in Sweden. In case of hot recycling plants, 10–50 percent of asphalt can be recycled depending on the plant type, method of recycling, type of the manufactured mixture, traffic volume and quality of the old asphalt pavement, etc. Recently, new recycling methods have been developed to enable 90–100 percent reclaimed asphalt (RA) involvement by continuous hot mix recycling. Correspondingly, the report presents results of tests carried out on the binder layer (ABb) of road 40 and surface course (ABS) of road 42, VĂ€stergötland. Research has been carried out on mixes and test sections to cover quality control of RA, stone materials in asphalt, binder content, particle size distribution and voids in asphalt, analysis of recycled binders and mechanical properties of asphalt.Detta notat belyser olika krav gĂ€llande varm Ă„tervinning av asfalt i verk. Syftet med projektet var ocksĂ„ att studera hur varma Ă„tervinningsmassor skiljer sig frĂ„n nytillverkade massor och hur mycket asfaltgranulat som kan blandas in utan att egenskaperna försĂ€mras. Rapporten Ă€r pĂ„ engelska och Ă€r en översĂ€ttning av tidigare rapporter i Ă€mnet publicerade pĂ„ svenska. Varm Ă„tervinning i verk Ă€r den teknik som ökat mest pĂ„ senare Ă„r och idag finns ett stort antal verk anpassade för varm Ă„tervinning i Sverige. Vid varm Ă„tervinning kan 10–50 procent asfaltmaterial Ă„tervinnas beroende pĂ„ verk, metod, typ av massa och lager, trafikvolym och kvaliteten hos den gamla asfaltbelĂ€ggningen, med mera. Nyligen har nya varma Ă„tervinningsmetoder utvecklats som innebĂ€r att 90–100 procent asfaltgranulat kan Ă„tervinnas. I rapporten redovisas försök med bindlager (ABb) pĂ„ vĂ€g 40 och slitlager (ABS) pĂ„ vĂ€g 42, VĂ€stergötland. Kontrollen av asfaltmassorna och provstrĂ€ckorna omfattar kvalitetskontroll av asfaltgranulat, stenmaterial i asfaltmassan, bindemedelshalt, kornkurva och hĂ„lrum pĂ„ asfaltmassan, analys av Ă„tervunnet bindemedel och mekaniska egenskaper hos asfaltmassan vilket redovisas i den hĂ€r rapporten.Denna rapport Ă€r en översĂ€ttning och sammanfattning av: VTI notat 22-1998: Varm Ă„tervinning i asfaltverk: försök med bindlager (ABb) pĂ„ vĂ€g 40 och slitlager (ABS) pĂ„ vĂ€g 42, VĂ€stergötland av Torbjörn Jacobson och Bo Simonsson samt VTI notat 21-2008: Varm Ă„tervinning i asfaltverk: försök med bindlager pĂ„ vĂ€g 40, delen Rya-Grandalen av Torbjörn Jacobson och Andreas Waldemarson</p

    En översikt om portabla vÀgar och flygfÀlt : anvÀndning av mattor som tillfÀlliga ochsemipermanenta vÀgar och flygfÀlt

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    Matting systems used as roadways and airfields are new innovative techniques used to solve mobility problems and make it easier to get around and transport goods under different climate and traffic conditions. The portable roads are extremely versatile and can be used for servicing areas with poor ground conditions, heavy load requirements and high traffic density. They could be used to facilitate vehicular access into areas that contain saturated soils, wetlands or soft/poor subgrade conditions and make secluded areas accessible (remote regions in general.). Moreover, portable roads can be used as temporary roads for emergency situations to enable aid deliveries to disaster areas, or during maintenance of existing roads or as temporary roads during a traffic jam. Regarding the portable airfields, some portable runways have been developed to support the heavy rolling loads, including heavy unmanned aircrafts and heavy maintenance equipment. Most of the available portable airfields are used in remote areas where existing runway or airport infrastructure is limited or non-existent. The use of mats to construct an airfield depends on many factors, such as ground conditions, the type and weight of aircraft being deployed, the expected usage levels, and the time available to construct the airfield. The objective of this report is to provide a practical perspective on construction and performance characteristics of some available portable roads and airfields systems that can be used to solve temporary and semi-permanent transport problems. Literature results are presented to educate the readers on available systems’ types and the best uses of each system in different applications.Portabla vĂ€gar och flygfĂ€lt Ă€r nya och innovativa tekniker för att hĂ„lla transportvĂ€gar öppna under svĂ„ra klimat- och trafikförhĂ„llanden. De portabla vĂ€garna Ă€r extremt mĂ„ngsidiga och kan anvĂ€ndas till serviceomrĂ„den med dĂ„liga grundförhĂ„llanden, höga lastkrav och stor trafikintensitet. De underlĂ€ttar fordonstrafik till omrĂ„den med vattenmĂ€ttade jordar, vĂ„tmarker eller andra omrĂ„den med mjuka/dĂ„liga undergrundsförhĂ„llanden och gör avskilda omrĂ„den tillgĂ€ngliga (ofta i avlĂ€gsna trakter). Dessutom kan portabla vĂ€gar anvĂ€ndas som tillfĂ€lliga vĂ€gar i akutsituationer för att möjliggöra nödleveranser till utsatta samhĂ€llen, vid underhĂ„ll av befintliga vĂ€gar eller som tillfĂ€lliga vĂ€gar vid trafikstockning inne i stĂ€der. BetrĂ€ffande flygfĂ€lt har en del portabla start- och landningsbanor utvecklats för att klara tunga rullande laster inklusive obemannade flygplan och tunga underhĂ„llsutrustningar. De flesta av de portabla flygfĂ€lten anvĂ€nds i avlĂ€gsna omrĂ„den dĂ€r ”flyginfrastrukturen” Ă€r begrĂ€nsad eller saknas helt. Hur underlaget (mattorna) till flygfĂ€ltskonstruktioner görs, beror pĂ„ mĂ„nga faktorer, t.ex. grundförhĂ„llanden, flygplanstyper och dess laster, förvĂ€ntad anvĂ€ndning samt tillgĂ€nglig konstruktionstid av flygfĂ€lten. MĂ„let med den hĂ€r rapporten Ă€r att ge en inblick pĂ„ konstruktion och prestanda hos de portabla vĂ€g- och flygfĂ€ltssystem som finns för att lösa tillfĂ€lliga och semipermanenta transportproblem. Resultatet av litteraturstudien visar pĂ„ de tillgĂ€ngliga typer av system som finns och hur de bĂ€st ska anvĂ€ndas (i olika applikationer)

    Assessing the Use of By Product Foundry Sand in Asphalt Mixtures

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    It is well known that recycling of by-product materials saves natural resources, reduce by-product volumes, and reduce the need to virgin materials. The steel industry produces a myriad of metal components for industrial chains, which in turn generates mineral discarded sand molds. Although these sands are clean before their use, after casting they may contain contaminants. Therefore, huge quantities of excess by-product foundry sand (BFS) end up occupying large volumes in landfills. In Sweden, approximately 200000 tonnes of excess BFS end up in landfills. The transportation and construction industries have the greatest potential for reuse by-products because they use vast quantities of earthen materials annually. Accordingly, an experimental work has been undertaken to evaluate the possible use of two chosen BFS from two Swedish foundries in a conventional Swedish asphalt mixture. The experimental procedure of this research has focused on the dosage, environmental and technical properties of the same mixture type ABT 11 and the same bitumen (160/220) but at different replacement proportions of the conventional fine sand with the two BFS. The environmental requirements in addition to the technical requirements, namely, void ratio, static indirect tensile strength ratio, and resilient modulus before and after moisture induced sensitivity tests of the asphalt mixtures have been investigated in the current study. The test results demonstrated that the BFS from both foundries can be incorporated in the selected asphalt mixture at specified replacement proportions of the conventional fine sand fraction 0-2 mm as discussed in the paper

    Events of the Joint Swedish-Japanese Workshop on “Modern Technologies in Pavement Engineering” Held at VTI in Linköping on the 19th and 20th of November 2019 : A post workshop report

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    As part of the international cooperation activities, the pavement technology division at VTI hosted two days’ workshop that brought together key stakeholders across Japan to share knowledge, discuss achievements, challenges and lessons arising from new technologies used in pavement engineering. The workshop took place on the 19th and 20th of November 2019 at the VTI’s head office in Linköping. The exchange of national practices and lesson learnt constituted the core part of the workshops. Representatives from Taisei Rotec Corporation; Nichireki Co. LTD; Nippo Co.; MAEDA Road Construction Co.; SEIKITOKYU KOGYO Co., LTD; FUKUDA Road Construction Co., LTD; Fine Road Consultant Co., Ltd; TOA Road Construction; Obayashi Road Co., Ltd;Tairiku Construction; Mitsubishi Electric Corporation; Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region; Hokkaido University of Science; Kitami Institute of Technology, Fukuoka University, and VTI have attended the activities of the workshop and shared their experiences on the efforts spent in their countries to develop new methods, equipment, approaches and specifications used in roads construction, testing and maintenance. The full lists of participants from Japan and Sweden are given in appendices A-I and A-II respectively. The workshop program included presentations, exhibiting the Mobile Mapping System, visiting to the VTI’s Heavy Vehicle and Circular Road Simulator, Driving Road Simulator, Material Testing Laboratory and the Infra Culvert in Vallastaden. Appendices B-I and B-II show the first- and second-days’ workshop schedule, respectively

    Smart Streets : technical design and construction

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    Rapporten syftar till att ta fram modeller och förslag för testbĂ€ddar för framtida multifunktionella gator som sammanför lösningar till olika utmaningar. Dessa modeller kan anvĂ€ndas bĂ„de vid ombyggnad och nybyggnation.  För att nĂ„ detta syfte börjar denna rapport med att belysa olika typer av vĂ€gnĂ€t i Sverige, sedan kommer en översiktlig beskrivning av vĂ€gmaterial och typiska tekniska utformningar pĂ„ svenska vĂ€gar att presenteras.  Vidare har rekommendationer pĂ„ vĂ€gsektioner med ny teknisk utformning som möter de krav som varje framtida utmaning getts i denna rapport, inklusive vĂ€gsektionen med omkonfigurerbar utformning. Lösningarna som kan anses vara mer flexibla och praktiska rörande framtida utmaningar manifesteras i anvĂ€ndningen av till exempel underjordiska infrakulvertar som kan förebygga framtida uppgrĂ€vning av gatorna för rörunderhĂ„ll. AnvĂ€ndningen av elektriska fordon kommer inte lĂ€ngre krĂ€va laddstationer lĂ€ngs gatans sidor eftersom det nya konceptet med dynamiskt laddande fordon, möjliggör laddning av fordon under körning med teknik inbĂ€ddad i vĂ€gkroppen. AnvĂ€ndningen av autonoma och halvautonoma lastbilar kan leda till en Ă€nnu smalare anvĂ€ndning av körfĂ€lt men Ă„ andra sidan det kommer att leda till större trafikvolymer av mer uniforma fordonstyper och laster. GĂ€llande anpassningen för att gatorna ska hantera klimatförĂ€ndringarna, finns det nya tekniker som baserad pĂ„ konstruktioner under mark för att hantera dagvatten. GĂ€llande problemet med ackumulerad snö under vintrarna, att anvĂ€nda rör under ytan för vĂ€rmesystem kommer det att öka farbarheten pĂ„ gatorna och göra dem tillgĂ€ngliga och öppna Ă€ven under kraftigt snöfall. Konceptet med omkonfigurerbara gator har ocksĂ„ lyfts nyligen som nĂ„got som fokuserar pĂ„ flexibel utformning av gatorna.The report aims to produce models, and proposals for test beds for future multifunctional streets that brings together solutions to various challenges. These models can be used in both reconstruction and new construction.  To achieve this goal, this report starts by shedding lights on the types of the road network in Sweden, then a brief description of the roads’ materials and typical structural designs of roads in Sweden is presented.  Furthermore, the current report illustrates recommendations for street/road sections with new technical design that meet the requirements of each future challenge or a combination of challenges, including the road section with a reconfigurable design. The solutions that can be considered as more flexible and practical to the future challenges are manifested in the use of, e.g., the underground infra culverts that can prevent the future excavation of streets for pipes maintenance. Using of electrical vehicles will no longer demand a charging stations along the streets’ sides because the new concept of dynamic charging of vehicles, allows the charging of vehicles during driving by embedded technology in the road structure. The use of autonomous and semi-autonomous trucking may result in an even narrower usage of lanes, on the other hand, it will lead to higher traffic volumes of more uniform vehicle types. Regarding the adaptation of streets to withstand the climate challenges, there are new technologies that make use of the underground street structure for managing stormwater. Regarding the problem of accumulated snow during winters, using of underground pipes warming system will increase the navigability of the streets and make them accessible and open even during heavy snowfall. The concept of reconfigurable streets has also been raised recently something which focuses on flexible design of streets

    Laboratoriestudie av stabilisering av grusslitlager under olika klimatförutsÀttningar

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    The purpose of this research is to investigate the efficacy of stabilizing local gravel wearing course (GWC) and assessing the possibilities and weaknesses of five non-traditional stabilizing agents to improve the properties of the selected GWC. The main research is based on carrying out laboratory light weight deflectometer (LWD) tests to evaluate the deformation characteristics of unstabilized and stabilized GWC mixtures compacted in CBR molds.  A laboratory experimental test program was conducted to evaluate the effect of freeze-thaw cycles and soaking-drying cycles on the properties of stabilized and unstabilized GWC samples. The treatments were manifested in adding 1) recommended dosage of clay only, 2) DUST/BLOKR (DBSB), 3) Listab, 4) esoliTSS, 5) clay with Road stabilizer (RS) and 6) clay with TerraZyme (TZ), to the chosen GWC. The series of unstabilized GWC was used as a control group.  The results of this research showed that for GWC samples unexposed to climate simulation, the maximum decrease in average deformations was 13% for GWC stabilized with esoliTSS followed by 11% for samples stabilized with DBSB.  After exposing the samples to ten freeze-thaw cycles “FTCs”, the GWC samples stabilized with DBSB was the only group suffered from noticeable damage. The total increase in the average deformation was about 18.4% as compared to untreated GWC samples exposed to the same number of FTCs. On the other hand, the GWC samples with esoliTSS showed best performance after exposing to FTCs.  With respect to samples exposed to five soaking-drying cycles (SDCs), the GWC samples treated with DBSB showed about 23% increase in deformations compared to the reference exposed to five SDC, (and hence a reduction in stability). Also, the GWC samples treated with DBSB recorded 17% higher deformations due to SDCs as compared to untreated GWC samples exposed to same number of SDC. The GWC samples stabilized with esoliTSS and Listab performed best after exposing to SDCs.Syftet med denna studie Ă€r att undersöka effekterna av olika stabiliseringsmedel pĂ„ grusslitlager. Det har testats fem olika icke-traditionella stabiliseringsmedel för att undersöka hur de kan förbĂ€ttra grusslitlagrets egenskaper. En lĂ€tt fallvikt (LWD, Light Weight Deflectometer) har anvĂ€nts för att undersöka deformationsegenskaperna pĂ„ material packade i sĂ„ kallade CBR-cylindrar (diameter 150 mm, provhöjd 120 mm). De packade proverna utsattes för bĂ„de frys-töcykler och vattenmĂ€ttnings[1]torkningscykler.  De stabiliseringsmetoder som anvĂ€ndes var ”bara” lera, Dust block (DBSB), Lignin, esoliTSS, lera med Road Stabilizer (RS) och lera med TerraZyme (TZ). Ostabiliserat grusslitlager anvĂ€ndes som referensmaterial.  Resultaten i denna studie visar grusslitlager utan klimatsimulering stabiliserade med esoliTSS visade pĂ„ 13 % mindre deformationer (dvs. bĂ€ttre stabilitet). För prover stabiliserade med DBSB minskade deformationerna med 11 %.  Det enda stabiliseringsmedel som var kĂ€nsligt för frys-töcykler var DBSB. För dessa prover försĂ€mrades stabiliteten, det vill sĂ€ga deformationerna ökade med 18 % jĂ€mfört med obehandlat grusslitlager. Grusslitlager med esoliTSS hade bĂ€st prestanda efter frys-töcykler.  NĂ€r det gĂ€ller de prover som exponerats för vattenmĂ€ttnings- och torkningscykler visade de grusslitlagerprover som behandlades med DBSB en ökning av deformationerna med omkring 23 % (och dĂ€rmed en minskning av stabiliteten). Dessutom registrerade grusslitlagerproverna som behandlats med DBSB 17 % högre deformationer pĂ„ grund av vattenmĂ€ttnings- och torkningscykler jĂ€mfört med obehandlade grusslitlagerprover.  Grusslitlager stabiliserade med esoliTSS och Lignin presterade bĂ€st efter att ha exponerats för vattenmĂ€ttnings- och torkningscykler
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