HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEAVES OF FOUR ERICALES MEDICINAL PLANTS

Active chemical compounds from medicinal plants are mostly secondary metabolites that can be histochemically tested. It enables the identification and localization of diverse secondary metabolites within the tissue, which is not possible with screening phytochemicals. In this study, the histochemistry of the leaf blades of Ericales plants i.e., cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq.), persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), sapodilla (Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen), and star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.) were evaluated. These species have been reported as folk medicines that have secondary metabolites. Each leaf tissue was observed under a microscope, and phytochemical compounds presence and location were detected by using specific reagents. The results showed that those four leaves contained phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes, while quinones were only found in cantigi leaves. The secondary metabolites were present in the idioblast of parenchymal and epidermal tissues. The persimmon and star apple leaves had secretory cavities in trichomes with terpenes and phenolic compounds.Senyawa kimia aktif tanaman obat sebagian besar merupakan metabolit sekunder yang dapat diuji secara histokimia. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis histokimia pada daun tumbuhan Orda Ericales yaitu cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium (Blume) Miq.), kesemek (Diospyros kaki Thunb.), sawo (Manilkara zapota (L.) Van Royen), dan apel bintang (Chrysophyllum cainito L.). Spesies tumbuhan ini telah dilaporkan sebagai obat tradisional yang memiliki metabolit sekunder. Jaringan daun dapat diamati di bawah mikroskop dan keberadaan serta lokasi senyawa metabolit sekunder dideteksi dengan menggunakan pereaksi spesifik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keempat daun tersebut mengandung fenol, flavonoid, dan terpen, sedangkan kuinon hanya terdapat pada daun cantigi. Metabolit sekunder ditemukan terutama pada idioblas sel parenkim dan epidermis. Daun kesemek dan apel bintang memiliki sel sekresi pada trikoma dengan kandungan terpen dan fenol

ANTIOXIDANT PROFILE AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT OF THREE KINDS OF LEMON GRASS GROWN IN WEST JAVA-INDONESIA

ABSTRACTObjective: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various herbs extracts of three kinds of lemon grass using twoantioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and correlation of totalphenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total carotenoid contents (TCC) with their inhibitory concentration 50% (IC) of DPPH andexhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of FRAP.Methods: A sample was extracted by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidantactivities using DPPH and FRAP assays, determination of TPC, TFC, and TCC were carried out by ultraviolet -visible spectrophotometry and correlationwith their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP capacities were analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: The ethanolic herbs extract of Cymbopogon citratus (CC) had the lowest IC5050 of DPPH scavenging activity 2.75 µg/ml and the lowest ECof FRAP capacity 12.22 µg/ml. Ethanolic herbs extract of Cymbopogon winterianus exposed the highest phenolic content and its n-hexane extractpresented the highest carotenoid content. Ethyl acetate herbs extract of CC gave the highest flavonoid content. There was significantly negativecorrelation between TPC in CC herbs extract with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP.Conclusions: All herbs extracts from three kinds of lemon grass were categorized as a very strong antioxidant by DPPH method. Phenolic compoundsin CC were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP methods. DPPH and FRAP gave linear result in antioxidant activities ofherbs extract of three kinds of lemon grass.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, Lemon grass, Three kinds, Herbs.5

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES FROM VARIOUS EXTRACTS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF KELAKAI (STENOCHLAENA PALUSTRIS) GROWN IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN - INDONESIA

ABSTRACTObjectives: The aims of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various extracts of different parts of kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris[Burm.f.] Bedd) using two antioxidant testing methods, which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP), and correlation of total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and total carotenoid contents (TCC) with their inhibitoryconcentration 50% (IC50) of DPPH and exhibitory concentration 50% (EC50) of FRAP.Methods: Sample was extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using vacuum rotary evaporator. Antioxidantactivities were tested using DPPH and FRAP assays, determination of TPC, TFC, and TCC was carried out by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, andcorrelation with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP capacities was analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: Ethanolic root extract of kelakai (S. palustris) had the lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 0.8 µg/ml and the lowest EC of FRAP capacity5.4 µg/ml. Ethanolic kelakai root extract demonstrated the highest phenolic content, ethyl acetate young leaves extract had the highest flavonoidcontent, and the highest carotenoid content was given by n-hexane root extract. There was significantly negative correlation between TPC in rootextract of kelakai with their IC50 of DPPH and EC50 of FRAP.Conclusions: All different extracts of kelakai parts were categorized as very strong antioxidants by DPPH method. Phenolic compounds in kelakairoot extract were the major contributor in antioxidant activities by DPPH and FRAP methods. DPPH and FRAP showed linear results in antioxidantactivities of root kelakai extract.Keywords: Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Ferric reducing antioxidant power, Stenochlaena palustris, Young leaves, Old leaves, Root.5

Penetapan Kadar Genistein Biji Kedelai (Soya max Piper) Lokal dan Impor Secara Densitometri Lapis Tipis dan KCKT

Biji kedelai (Soya max Piper) impor sangat banyak digunakan di Indonesia terutama sebagai bahan baku utama makanan olahan seperti tahu dan tempe. Genistein, senyawa isoflavon dalam biji kedelai, dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas estrogenik dan antioksidan kuat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menetapkan kadar genistein biji kedelai lokal dan impor serta menemukan metode penetapan kadar tanpa preparasi sampel yang dapat dikerjakan dalam waktu singkat. Simplisia biji kedelai diekstraksi dengan cara panas menggunakan metanol. Sebagian simplisia didelipidasi terlebih dahulu dengan n-heksana sebelum diekstraksi. Kadar genistein ditetapkan secara densitometri lapis tipis dan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT). Secara berurutan, kadar genistein biji kedelai lokal dan impor ditetapkan secara densitometri lapis tipis adalah 19,51±4,59 μg/g dan 21,69±3,98 μg/g. Sedangkan secara KCKT adalah 19,99±3,79 μg/g dan 21,12±3,19 μg/g. Kadar genistein biji kedelai lokal dan impor secara densitometri lapis tipis dan KCKT tidak berbeda bermakna pada aras keberartian 0,05.Kata kunci : Soya max, kedelai, genistein.Imported soybean seed is widely used in Indonesia especially as the main ingredient for tofu and soybean cake (tempe). Genistein, an isoflavone in soybean seed, has an estrogenic activity and act as a strong antioxidant. Besides quantifying genistein in the local and imported soybean seeds, this research was also aimed to find a fast and simple quantitative method. Soybean seed crude drugs were extracted by reflux using methanol. Some parts of the crude drug were delipidated using n-hexane before extracted. Genistein was determined using thin layer densitometry and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantity of genistein in local and imported soybean seeds determined by thin layer densitometer were 19.51±4.59 μg/g and 21.69±3.98 μg/g, respectively. While the quantity obtained by HPLC were 19.99±3.79 μg/g and 21.12±3.19 μg/g, respectively. Both methods showed no significant difference in probability of 0.05.Keywords: Soya max, soybean, genistein

Telaah Fitokimia Daun Srikaya (Annona squamosa L.) yang Berasal dari Dua Lokasi Tumbuh

Daun srikaya (Annona squamosa L., Annonaceae) digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional sebagai penurun kadar gula darah. Simplisia yang berasal dari dua lokasi tumbuh dibandingkan kandungan kimianya. Penapisan fitokimia kedua simplisia, karakteristik simplisia, dan pola kromatogram ekstrak menunjukkan hasil yang mirip. Simplisia diekstraksi secara refluks menggunakan pelarut dengan kepolaran meningkat, yaitu n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Ekstrak n-heksana salah satu simplisia disaponifikasi, difraksinasi secara kromatografi cair vakum, dilanjutkan dengan kromatografi kolom. Fraksi dipisahkan menggunakan kromatografi lapis tipis preparatif dan isolat dikarakterisasi menggunakan spektrofotometri ultraviolet-sinar tampak dan spektrofotometri inframerah serta penampak bercak Liebermann-Burchard. Isolat merupakan triterpenoid dengan gugus fungsi O"“H, CH, dan C=C serta tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap terkonjugasi.Kata Kunci: Annona squamosa L., daun Srikaya, triterpenoid Sugar apple (Annona squamosa L., Annonaceae) leaf has been traditionally used to treat high blood glucose level. Crude drugs obtained from plants growing at two different locations were studied to evaluate whether there were differences in their phytochemical constituents. Phytochemical screening of those two crude drugs, the quality, and extract chromatographic pattern showed similar results. Crude drugs were extracted by reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. N-hexane extract from one of the crude drugs was saponified, followed by fractionation using vacuum liquid chromatography and column chromatography. The fractions were separated using preparative thin layer chromatography and one isolate was characterized using Liebermann-Burchard reagent, ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectrophotometry. The isolate was a triterpenoid with O-H, C-H, and C=C groups and did not have any conjugated double bond.Keywords: Annona squamosa L., sugar apple leaf, triterpenoi

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES FROM VARIOUS LEAVES EXTRACTS OF THREE CULTIVARS OF PAPAYA FROM WEST JAVA-INDONESIA

ABSTRACTObjectives: The goals of this research were to determine antioxidant activity from various leaves extracts of three cultivars of papaya using twomethods of antioxidant testing which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS),and correlation of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) in various extracts of papaya leaveswith their IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS.Methods: Extraction was carried out by reflux method using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator.Antioxidant activities using DPPH and ABTS assays, determination of TPC, TFC, and TCC were performed by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometryand correlation with their ICResults: The lowest IC5050 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS scavenging activities were analyzed by Pearson's method. of DPPH scavenging activity 0.84 µg/ml was given by ethanolic leaves extract of calina papaya, whereas ethanolic leavesextract of Bangkok papaya showed the lowest IC of ABTS scavenging activity 1.79 µg/ml. Ethanolic leaves extract of burung papaya had the highestphenolic content and its ethyl acetate extract had the highest total flavonoid. There were significantly negative correlation between TPC in Bangkokpapaya and calina papaya extract with their IC5050 of DPPH.Conclusions: All of the leaves extracts from three cultivars of papaya were categorized as very strong antioxidant by DPPH and ABTS methods.Phenolic compounds in Bangkok papaya and calina papaya were the major contributor in IC of DPPH scavenging activities. DPPH and ABTS gave nolinear result in antioxidant activities of leaves extract of three cultivars of papaya.50Keywords: 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), Antioxidant, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Leaves, Papaya, Three cultivars

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SIMANA LAGI APPLE ([MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.] SIMANA LAGIâ€) GROWN IN EAST JAVA-INDONESIA

  Objectives: The goals of this research were to observe antioxidant properties from different parts of Simana lagi apple ([Malus domestica Borkh.] Simana lagiâ€) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS) and correlation of total phenolic and flavonoid content with their inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS.Methods: Each sample was extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH and ABTS assays, determination of total phenolic, and flavonoid content were carried out by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and correlation with their IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS activities were analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: The ethanolic leaves extract (LV3) of Simana lagi apple also exposed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (13.88 g gallic acid equivalents/100 g), while the highest total flavonoid content was presented by ethyl acetate extract (LV2) (7.21 g QE/100 g). The lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 0.19 μg/ml, and the lowest IC50 of ABTS scavenging activity 0.15 μg/ml was given by ethanolic flesh extract (FL3) of Simana lagi apple. There were significantly negative correlation between TPC in all different parts extracts of Simana lagi apple with their IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS.Conclusions: All different parts extracts of Simana lagi apple were categorized as very strong antioxidant by DPPH and ABTS method (except n-hexane peels extract and n-hexane LV by DPPH method, and n-hexane FE by ABTS method). The major contributor in antioxidant activities of peels, flesh and leaves extracts of Simana lagi apple by DPPH and ABTS methods were phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activities of peels, flesh and leaves extracts of Simana lagi apple showed linear results by DPPH and ABTS methods

Aktivitas Antidiabetes Serbuk Semut Jepang (Tenebrio molitor Linn.) pada Mencit Swiss Webster Jantan yang Diinduksi Aloksan

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by metabolic disorders with hyperglycemia conditions that can occur due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity or both. Semut Jepang (SJ) are used by people of Indonesians as a drug to reduce blood sugar levels, but have not been scientifically studied as antidiabetic. Therefore, this study aims to examine the antidiabetic activity of Japanese ant powder in mice. Method: The study was carried out using the antihyperglycemic method in mice induced by alloxan. In the antihyperglycemic method in alloxan induced mice, mice were divided into 6 groups, namely 1% normal Na CMC control group (not alloxan induced), 1% Na CMC pain control group (alloxan induced), glibenclamide 5 mg / kg bw comparison group, and 3 test groups were given Japanese ant powder with a dose of 9 mg / kg bw (SJ 9), 45 mg / kg bw (SJ 45), and 90 mg / kg bw (SJ 90). Blood glucose levels were measured on the first day, day 3, day 7, and day 14. Results: The use of SJ 45 and SJ 90 were better in lower blood glucose compared to the glibenclamide comparison group. Conclusion: Japanese ant powder at doses of 45 and 90 mg / kg bw give an antidiabetic effect that is better than glibenklamid 5 mg / kg bw in reducing blood glucose levels in mice induced by alloxan.   Keyword : Semut jepang powder, diabetes mellitus, blood glucose level &nbsp

IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT PARTS OF SIMANA LAGI APPLE ([MALUS DOMESTICA BORKH.] “SIMANA LAGI”) GROWN IN EAST JAVA-INDONESIA

  Objectives: The goals of this research were to observe antioxidant properties from different parts of Simana lagi apple ([Malus domestica Borkh.] Simana lagiâ€) using two antioxidant testing methods which were 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS) and correlation of total phenolic and flavonoid content with their inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS.Methods: Each sample was extracted by reflux using different polarity solvents. The extracts were evaporated using rotary evaporator. Antioxidant activities were tested using DPPH and ABTS assays, determination of total phenolic, and flavonoid content were carried out by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and correlation with their IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS activities were analyzed by Pearson's method.Results: The ethanolic leaves extract (LV3) of Simana lagi apple also exposed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (13.88 g gallic acid equivalents/100 g), while the highest total flavonoid content was presented by ethyl acetate extract (LV2) (7.21 g QE/100 g). The lowest IC50 of DPPH scavenging activity 0.19 μg/ml, and the lowest IC50 of ABTS scavenging activity 0.15 μg/ml was given by ethanolic flesh extract (FL3) of Simana lagi apple. There were significantly negative correlation between TPC in all different parts extracts of Simana lagi apple with their IC50 of DPPH and IC50 of ABTS.Conclusions: All different parts extracts of Simana lagi apple were categorized as very strong antioxidant by DPPH and ABTS method (except n-hexane peels extract and n-hexane LV by DPPH method, and n-hexane FE by ABTS method). The major contributor in antioxidant activities of peels, flesh and leaves extracts of Simana lagi apple by DPPH and ABTS methods were phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activities of peels, flesh and leaves extracts of Simana lagi apple showed linear results by DPPH and ABTS methods