Coming to Terms with Sound: Carl Stumpf’s Discourse on Hearing Music and Language

This article examines the use of a concept—Einstellung, that is, technical setting or mental attitude—in Carl Stumpf’s study Die Sprachlaute. More specifically, it looks at a textual strategy of avoiding an explicit definition of the term, while building on it in the explanation for failure in his experiments. Three strands of negotiation are present in this discussion: (a) Stumpf’s positioning against Wilhelm Wundt and with respect to the emerging schools of phenomenology and Gestalt psychology in a transforming academic landscape; (b) his methodological approach, which is identified as a comparison of judgments, asking how judgments relate to various conditions such as predisposition, previous exposure, or simply previous information on the matter to be judged; (c) the epistemological question of how Stumpf relates the concrete materiality of the experimental setup to the functions and processes in the mind of the judging subject and how this mirrors the problem of relating empirical findings to conceptual consideration. The overall frame for this is construed along the term Einstellung, which provides a central theme throughout this article

Introduction: Language, Sound, and the Humanities

Presenting the joint historical and methodological framework of the theme issue “Sounds of Language—Languages of Sound,” this introduction situates the individual contributions within a broader history of the humanities. The eight contributions address the period between approximately 1890 and 1970—from the modern disciplinary formation of knowledge about sound and the rise of the social sciences and humanities to the beginnings of computerized sound research. During this period, disciplines as diverse as linguistics, musicology, history, sociology, law, and theology all aspired to give scholarly attention to sound, and in particular to the spoken word. Starting from the observation that late nineteenth-century scholars of language turned from expert readers of historical texts into expert listeners to living languages, we trace the dual use of language as an object and a tool of knowledge production. As a research theme, language often broke through frontiers between the humanities, the social sciences, and the natural sciences, as well as between academic and nonacademic domains of knowledge. At the same time, new languages and modes of speaking arose as tools to examine, represent, and utilize sonic phenomena—whether in speech, music, or other sonic environments. The theme issue’s three claims are, first, that sound both enabled and necessitated new alliances between otherwise divergent fields of knowledge; second, that sound and language motivated humanities scholars to reconsider or even reinvent their methodologies; and, third, that research on sound and language was deeply permeated by issues of power and politics