Effects of Ion Active Agents on the Electrodeposition of Ni-Sn Alloys

The effects of three kinds of active agents, e.g. Anion : (C17H33COONa) (CH₂CH₂O) nH ) Nonion : R-N (CH₂CH₂O) nH ) and CH Cation : 3 R-N-CH 3 f 2 Cl⁻ on the deposit were examined. CH₂-O The experiments of electrodeposition of a Ni-Sn Alloy were carried out in the Hull-cell which used a current of 2A. The cathode was steel or copper plate and the anode was Sn- and Ni-plates. The composition of the electrolytic bath was NiCl₂ ・ 6H₂O 300g/l ; SnCl₂ ･ 2H₂O 50g/l ; H₃BO₃ 30g/l ; NH₄F ・ HF 56g/l. The temperature of the bath was 65°C. The structure of the deposits was observed and determined by means of Microscope, Scanning Electron Microcope, X-ray Diffractometry, and Electron Probe Micro Analyser. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1 ) All ion active agents influence the surface condition and the structure of the deposits. 2 ) The electrodeposited alloys from the sulution without additional agents are mainly Ni₃Sn₄, and from the bath with the anion active agent are mostly Ni₃Sn₄ on copper, and on steel, respectively. The solution added non-inonic addition agent which gives a β-Sn deposit only on steel, but on copper gives Ni₃Sn₄. Moreover, the solution added cation active agent which gives a β-Sn deposit only either on steel or on copper. 3 ) The effects of ion active agents on the structure of the deposits are independent of the current density

Internal Stress in Electrodeposited PbO₂

The change of internal stress in the electrodeposited PbC₂ from a lead nitrate bath was observed by measuring the deflection of a thin platinum anode during electrodeposition of PbC₂ on one side of it. The crystal structure of the deposits was determined by X-ray diffraction. After the electrodeposition, the change of deflection of the deposited Pb₂ was observed under the following conditions : a) Keep the deposited PbO₂ in air or in a lead nitrate bath at constant temperatures. b) Discharge the cell, Pt/PbNO₃ electrolyte/PbO₂ deposit, by connecting it to an external circuit with some resistance. The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1) The crystal structure of α-PbO₂ was observed in the deposits which had deflected in the direction of contraction during electrodeposition, and β-PbO₂ was observed in the deposits which had deflected in the direction of expansion during electrodeposition. 2) After the electrodeposition, the deposits deflected gradually in the direction of expansion when they were kept in air or left in the bath. The amount of deflection of the deposits of α-PbO₂ was larger than that of the deposits of β-PbO₂ within the same time duration. 3) The electrodeposited PbO₂ deflected in the direction of expansion by discharging the cell, and the amount of deflection of the deposits of α-PbO₂ was larger than that of the deposits of β-PbO₂

<Study 2> Saccadic eye movements and regional cerebral blood flow in schizophrenic patients.

This study examined tracking eye movements on predetermined stationary targets inpatients with schizophrenia spectrum dis order.The targets were 8 black points or 8 arabics\u27 numbered points placed on the circumference of a circle.Self-paced eye movements during clockwise tracking of these points by 23 patients and 23 normal controls were recorded using an infrared eye-mark recorder.Eye movements were an alyzed at two settings : first, when "fixation point" was defined as a point at which a gaze was held for at least 200 msec, and second, when held for at least 100 msec.The results indicated that at the 200 msec setting schizophrenic patients track with significantly fewer correct scores and more deviant scores than controls under black-point conditions.At the 100-msec setting, however, the correct scores of the patients were not significantly different from those of the controls, although the patients displayed more aberrant paths than the controls.The superfluous fixations in the patients improved significantly under numbered-point conditions, but patients still achieved lower correct scores than the controls. Four of the 23 patients exhibited centering (aberrant path directed toward the center point), suggesting immature control of eye movements under black-point conditions but not numbered-point conditions.These results suggest that some schizophrenic patients viewed the targets too quickly and that they have impaired directed attention, which can be improved by cues, and may have impaired preprogramming of eye movements, which is not improved by external cues.This study examined saccadic eye movements using simple stationary targets, in schizophrenic patients.The targets were 8 black points or 8 arabic-numbered points placed in randomized order on the circumference of a circle.Self-paced eye movements during clockwise tracking of these points, by 23 patients and 23 controls, were recorded using an infrared eye-mark recorder.Then the relationship between the saccades and clinical syndromes was investigated. Finally, the relationship between the performance of the saccades and resting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was examined using single photon emission computed tomography with 99mTc-hexamethyl propyleneamine oxime (HMPAO).The results indicate that patients track with significantly fewer correct scores and more deviant scores than controls, in agreement with our previous study.There were two groups of patients : an ordinary group who obtained a full target hitting score at a 200 ms setting and a fast group who obtained the full score at 100 ms but not at 200 ms.Some patients displayed significantly more hypermetria than controls.Significant correlations were found between alienation syndrome (auditory hallucination and disturbance of the self) and correct scores, or delusion syndrome and deviant score.With respect to relative rCBF, fast group patients showed significantly decreased rCBF in the left limbic and inferior parietal areas as compared with ordinary group patients.These findings suggest that some schizophrenic patients view the stationary targets too fast and this may be related to dysfunction in the limbic-parietal association area in the left hemisphere.富山医科薬科大学・博士(医学)・乙第283号・松井三枝・1995/6/28富山医科薬科大