Mathematical Modeling of coupled tank interacting system for controlling water level using GWO and PSO optimization

In bulk drug production industries water level control at a precise point is a major dispute. Loss in production at the initial stage is observed until the water level reaches desired level. Pharmaceutical industries can however earn more profit if they could maintain precise water level control at the initial stage of production. To synchronize the water level precisely having best performance parameters, this work introduces Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO). By determining the mathematical model, the method for water proportion (level) control in the bridged tanks for the MIMO system may be accomplished. The prior step for system identification is by observing the open-loop response of the system. This can be processed by analyzing the actual parameters of the coupled tank. State-space analysis of coupled tanks is explained in detail along with its conversion into transfer function. In this paper, the inherent parameters required for the calculation are discussed. MATLAB is used as the platform for observing the responses. Observations from the PID controller articulate that, there is a need for a better controller to enhance the performance. Performance analysis along with its discussion is conferred in this paper

A conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy study of ion beam mixing at Fe: polyethylene interface

The effects of ion beam induced atomic mixing at the Fe-Polyethylene interface have been investigated by means of conversion electron Mossbauer spectroscopy [CEMS]. It is shown that the as deposited and ion beam mixed composites exhibit distinctly different features. In particular, the ion beam mixed composite shows that presence of Fe2+ state in polyethylene matrix along with the Fe-C austenite like phase

Study of some mixed ligand complexes of tertiary diimines and bidentate amide ligands

673-677Stability constants of the ternary complexes of copper(II) with tertiary diimines [bis(2-pyridylamine)(A1) and 5-nitro-l, 10-phenanthroline (A2)] as primary ligands and bidentate amides [MeCOCH2CONHPh (HL1), MeCOCH2CONHC6H4Me-(o) (HL2), MeCOCH2CONHC6H4OMe-(o) (HL3), PhCOCH2CONHPh (HL4), salicylamide (HL5), salicylanilide (HL6) and 5-bromosalicylamide (HL7)] as secondary ligands have been determined by potentiometric titrations at 30°C in 50% (v/v) aqueous dioxane at 0.2 M [NaClO4]. The log KMAL values have been determined using the computer programme SCOGS. The complexes have been isolated in solid state and characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity and magnetic measurements and electronic and IR spectral studies. The order of stabilization in the ternary complexes (i.e. log K= log K - log K values) has been explained on the basis of the electron repulsion concept. This has also been correlated with the shift in energy of the ligand field transition in the ternary complexes from the average value for the corresponding binary complexes

Synthesis, characteristics and redox properties of uranyl complexes with diamine ligands having ONNO and ONNNO donor groups.

461-464Complexes of dioxouranium(VI) with ONNO and ONNNO coordinating diamine ligands have been synthesised. The complexes undergo irreversible reductions at more negative potentials and have longer O=U=O bond lengths compared to the corresponding diimine complexes suggesting less delocalisation of the electron density into the ligand orbitals

X-ray reflectivity and AFM studies of polystyrene-CdS nanocomposite thin films

Nanocrystalline CdS particles have been synthesized and dispersed in a polystyrene (PS) medium in the form of thin composite films. X-ray reflectivity and atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been used to study the films. CdS particles are found to precipitate towards the bottom of the films giving rise to a continuous change in the electron density along the depth of the film. It is shown that previous knowledge about the realistic model of electron density profile is required for correct interpretation of the X-ray reflectivity data for systems where electron density changes continuously and independent information obtained from atomic force microscopic studies can be used conveniently for this purpose

Blocking TRPA1 in Respiratory Disorders: Does It Hold a Promise?

Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) ion channel is expressed abundantly on the C fibers that innervate almost entire respiratory tract starting from oral cavity and oropharynx, conducting airways in the trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and upto alveolar ducts and alveoli. Functional presence of TRPA1 on non-neuronal cells got recognized recently. TRPA1 plays a well-recognized role of “chemosensor”, detecting presence of exogenous irritants and endogenous pro-inflammatory mediators that are implicated in airway inflammation and sensory symptoms like chronic cough, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), allergic rhinitis and cystic fibrosis. TRPA1 can remain activated chronically due to elevated levels and continued presence of such endogenous ligands and pro-inflammatory mediators. Several selective TRPA1 antagonists have been tested in animal models of respiratory disease and their performance is very promising. Although there is no TRPA1 antagonist in advanced clinical trials or approved on market yet to treat respiratory diseases, however, limited but promising evidences available so far indicate likelihood that targeting TRPA1 may present a new therapy in treatment of respiratory diseases in near future. This review will focus on in vitro, animal and human evidences that strengthen the proposed role of TRPA1 in modulation of specific airway sensory responses and also on preclinical and clinical progress of selected TRPA1 antagonists

Diversity of avifauna of Nigade in Raigad, Konkan, India A casefor conservation

Abstract: India is rich in Biodiversity with two global Hotspots. The avifauna of India includes around 1301 species, Present study was carried out for two years from June 2011-to June 2013. Visits were planned periodically covering all the seasons of the year. The visits were made during early mornings and late evening, since activity of birds is at its peak during this time. Total of 131 birds were observed which included residents, winter visitors and also summer visitors. Few rare and threatened species were also occasionally spotted. This work, will not only establish a base line data on bird diversity of Nigade but also assess probable and likely impact of expansion plans of administration for the highway and the rail route. As about 90% of the bird species observed in the region were residents, we strongly recommend the need for conservation of such sites

Structure and stability of monodisperse 1.4-nm ZnS particles stabilized by mercaptoethanol

Extremely small 1.4-nm size mercaptoethanol-stabilized ZnS clusters have been synthesized with narrow size distribution. The structure of these clusters was studied by wide-angle X-ray scattering. The scattering curves were compared with the calculated scattered intensity of a variety of model clusters (ZnS)N and different defect types via Debye functions. In the as-received state the pattern is best described by a fragment of the zinc blende lattice, with N ≈ 30, and a defective stacking of three to four (111) planes. A large improvement of the simulation is gained by introducing liquidlike disorder to the model structure. This raises the unanswered question of a "real" liquid state of these small clusters at room temperature. The cluster matrix is thermally stable to 583 K. Above this temperature the primary cluster coalesce to form larger particles. Annealed at 1013 K the particles grow to >4.0 nm with a highly defective zinc blende structure

Solid electrolyte (Rb<SUB>4</SUB>Cu<SUB>16</SUB>I<SUB>7</SUB>Cl<SUB>13</SUB>)-electrode (Se) interface study of galvanic cell by ESCA

A galvanic cell is fabricated in pellet form with a configuration Cu + X/X/Se+C (where X = Rb4Cu16I7Cl13). The galvanic cell shows an open circuit voltage (Voc) of about 380 mV and short circuit current (Isc) of about 11 mA. ESCA study of X/Se interface is carried out for selenium electrode surface by making a separate Se pellet. Undischarged and discharged cells (for 30 min and 540 min) are studied at two depths. The undischarged Se surface shows no change in BE of Se 3d5/2. But on 30 min of discharge a small shoulder is seen towards lower BE side. After 540 min of discharge, the peak shifts to lower binding energy side indicating the presence of some lower oxide. Cu 2p3/2 peak, which is seen distorted at half an hour discharge surface, is seen woth a quite good intensity after 540 min of discharge surface and even in depth at the Se electrode