Production of bioethanol from biomass in the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

This article describes using renewable energy for bioethanol production. Kostanay Region is a developed agricultural region. Most part of its area is under grain crops and corn, oil crops and vegetables. In the course of production, transportation, storage and processing of agricultural crops, a large part of them becomes unsuitable for use; in future they cannot be used for the intended purpose. Substandard product often stays in the fields to rot or is thrown away. Information considered in this article demonstrates that agricultural waste can be used to produce rather inexpensive bioethanol. Most part of the population in this region is rural. Settlements are far apart from each. It would be reasonable to use bioethanol as a source of electric and thermal energy to meet the needs of rural residents and infrastructure. Wastes from bioethanol production can be used for feeding animal stock what is also important for rural areas and reduces environmental burden. In the course of human life, solid waste is formed that is suitable for producing bioethanol, and consequently, for generating thermal and electric energy. Presented calculations show the feasibility of processing municipal solid waste into bioethanol. EU countries successfully use researches performed by their scientists for developing technologies for the production of bioethanol and synthetic fuels. Kazakhstan, with its experience in cultivation of oilseeds and required planted area, can successfully develop bioethanol industry. No researches in this respect have been conducted to this day in Kazakhstan. Using bioethanol provides consumers with their own energy sources that meet quality standards, thereby increasing energy security of region, reducing the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere, and creating small-scale energy enterprises where rural residents can work

Comparative anatomical and morphological characteristics of two subspecies of Melissa officinalis L. (Lamiaceae)

Received: February 23rd, 2022 ; Accepted: May 22nd, 2022 ; Published: July 30th, 2022 ; Correspondence: [email protected] aim of the research is to comprehensively compare the anatomical and morphological structures of plants of Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis (‘Krymchanka’ and ‘Lada’ varieties) and of M. officinalis subsp. аltissima (Sm.) Arcang. These plants have pronounced differences in morphological features and production indexes. They are grown in the collection of aromatic plants of the Research Institute of Agriculture of the Crimea (Krymskaya Roza village, Belogorsky district of Crimea). These studies will allow us to supplement the botanical characteristics of both subspecies of M. officinalis, and also to evaluate their plasticity and possibilities of adaptation to growing conditions. For examination we collected plants in the flowering phase. Anatomical study was carried out using a fixed (alcohol: glycerin : water in a ratio of 1: 1: 1) and native preparation. A complex of mesomorphic and xeromorphic characters is established, that confirms the high plasticity and determines the adaptive capabilities of the species when introduced into various soil and climatic conditions. A variety of epidermal structures was revealed, which are represented by single and multicellular non-glandular trichomes and various types of glandular structures. Among them, trichomes with a multicellular pedicle and a unicellular head, which we found only in M. officinalis subsp. officinalis

Physico-mechanical properties of modified antifriction coatings based on babbitt B83

The introduction presents the primary reasons for the decrease in the working efficiency of plain bearing assemblies and suggests key areas for the formation of a stable working capacity of these assemblies. In addition, the introduction discusses preexisting methods for improving the working efficiency of plain bearings. These methods are based on the use of antifriction coatings and have the drawbacks which are considered in the text. The authors proposed a technology for producing an antifriction coating based on a metal composition. This antifriction coating is produces by highspeed laser processing of powder materials. The technology allows to create antifriction coatings, which have significant wear resistance and the effect of self-lubrication while also provide a minimum run-in time of the bearing assembly. The methodology validates the choice of materials for the formation of an antifriction coating. An alloy with significant tribotechnical properties based on babbitt B83 was chosen as the basis (matrix). To improve the bearing capacity of the coating, the babbitt base was transformed with MoS2 molybdenum disulfide. The laser radiation usage in the formation of an antifriction coating based on babbitt B83 synthesizes finely dispersed intermetallide phases and forms a porous coating structure due to incomplete melting of the powder material. Molybdenum disulfide is released mainly through the porous structure, which leads to self-lubrication of the bearing assembly during oil starvation. The results of microstructural and X-ray diffraction analysis are presented to display the structure of the obtained coatings based on antifriction materials. Research value is characterized by the presence of the following intermetallide phases in the structure of the formed coating: Fe2Sn, SnSb, Cu3Sn. The dispersivity of the formed phases is much greater than that of standard babbitt coatings, which is determined by higher crystallization rates under conditions of laser radiation processing. The analysis of diffractograms makes it possible to conclude that the distribution of intermetallide phases along the coating depth is uneven. The underlying layers close to the basis (matrix) are more soft and supple due to the presence of α - solid solution. The surface layers are solid and saturated with the finely crystalline Cu3Sn phase. The research undertaken on formed 853 coating under conditions of dry friction allows to conclude that the antifriction coating can work without supplying lubricant to the bearing assembly

Improvement of the elk domestication technology at Sumarokovsky State Nature Reserve

The paper discusses the technology of elk domestication and measures for its improvement at Sumarokovsky state nature reserve, the largest world center for the domestication of elks, as well as an environmental, research, cultural and educational institution. The article contains the data on ethological observations, the evolution of elk behavior in the conditions of ecological tourism, on elk keeping and on the conditions of the food base, on technological processes and suggests possible ways to correct them. It has the description of the organizational structure of the reserve, of the forestlands around and of their forage capacity; gives information about the vegetation composition, the mode of keeping and feeding elks. The reserve, due to its presence in a specially protected area, experiences significant restrictions on forest use on its territory, which leads to a deterioration and decrease in the area and quality of forage land for domesticated elks. The article shows the necessity of improving the regulatory framework as well as of the development and implementation of biotechnological measures to preserve and increase the forage capacity of frestland. It also shows that the technological chain of domestication makes it possible to get a controlled, stress-resistant, calm, friendly and safe animal, to carry out the selection period for the formation of dairy herds earlier, to obtain unique milk with both high nutritional and medicinal properties. Considering the fact that the largest number of domesticated elks in the world is concentrated in the reserve, the technology there is unique. Because of the potential danger of an elk as a source of human infection with various pathogens, the veterinary service requires intensification. It includes monitoring, development of treatment methods, drug application, prevention and control measures for diseases, provision of normative documents, etc. A change in the elk domestication technology under the increasing role of ecological tourism has led to the formation of a new economical type of a reserve, which combines elements of a stationary-exit, multidisciplinary and enclosure types

Molecular and genetics approaches for investigation of phospholipase D role in plant cells

The review is devoted to the analysis of publications concerning the role of phospholipase D (PLD) in regulation of metabolism in plant cells. Analysis of molecular and genetic studies suggest that PLD is an important component of various hormonal and stress signaling pathways.Обзор посвящен анализу работ в области исследования роли фосфолипазы D в регуляции метаболизма клеток растений. Анализ работ, проведенных с использованием молекулярных и генетических подходов, позволяет судить о ФЛD как о важном компоненте сигнальных систем ряда гормонов и стрессов.Огляд присвячено аналізу робіт у площині дослідження ролі фосфоліпази D в регуляції метаболізму клітин рослин. Аналіз робіт, виконаних з використанням молекулярних та генетичних підходів, свідчить на користь ФЛD як важливого компонента сигнальних систем низки гормонів і стресів

Analysis of the cutting machine movement across the field when harvesting dead crops

The article is devoted to the analysis of various types of cutting machine movement across the field when harvesting dead crops. It is noted that despite improvements in the design of the cutting machine, the problem of grain loss remains unresolved. A classification of the types of cutting device movement according to the movement nature is proposed, which can serve as a basis for substantiating agrotechnical requirements for the quality of soil surface treatment

The effect of pipeline parameters of machines for applying liquid complex fertilizers on the drip-air mixture quality

The article is devoted to the study of a drip-air mixture flow through pipelines, namely, the determination of total pressure losses based on known values of the flow rates of the constituent phases or the loss coefficients of the constituent phases. The authors conclude that the conditions for introducing the drip-air mixture into the pipes do not affect the size of the flow structure stabilization area. It has been found that for small values of the air and liquid flow rates, the diameter and length of the pipeline, as well as its position, have a very significant effect on the flow structure of the two-phase mixture and on the average diameter of the droplets. For each pipeline length and diameter, there is a pulsation flow mode only at certain values of the air and liquid flow rates (Gv/Gl), moreover, the larger the diameter and length of the pipeline, the later the pulsation flow mode occurs. At high values Gv/Gl, the position, length, and diameter of the pipeline do not have a noticeable effect on the flow shape, the flow has a finely dispersed structure, pressure pulsation is practically absent

Reducing the soil structure destruction along the rut and increasing the traction properties of the tractor by using the rear grouser of the track link

The traditionally used mixed grouser of the metal track link causes a decrease in the traction qualities of the agricultural tractor. The use of a rear grouser on the track link, in our opinion, will significantly improve the traction properties of an agricultural tractor with a metal track and reduce the soil destruction. When the rear grouser is immersed in the soil, an additional horizontal deformation of the soil occurs, which changes the law of horizontal deformation distribution along the support surface of the trackdrive, which ensures the alignment of the link shares in the implementation of the tangential traction force. This leads not only to a reduction in the trackdrive skidding, but also to a reduction in tractor rolling losses. Comparative tests of the T-4A tractor with a serial track, and a track on which links the front grousers were removed showed that the maximum traction power increases from 59 to 65 kW, the skidding with a hook load of 40 kN decreases from 14.6 to 9.4%, the rolling resistance coefficient decreases from 0.093 to 0.072, eliminates the “scissors” effect, which will reduce the number of erosive-dangerous particles in the track trace to 30...40%, which is 5.6...4.25 times less than in agricultural tractors with a mixed grouser, which confirms the effectiveness of their use

It staff turnover: Causes and management tools

The article is devoted to the analysis of the turnover causes and retention tools for IT specialists during the period of deep transformation of the corresponding segment of the labor market. For companies, a serious challenge is the outflow of highly qualified specialists and a large number of vacancies that stimulate excessive inter-organizational mobility. The purpose of this study is to develop a system of tools that can keep the turnover rates of IT specialists at an acceptable level. The study was conducted in the IT departments of three regional divisions of large federal organizations in December 2022 by the survey method (questionnaire and Exit interview). According to the study, the main quit causes are getting a more interesting offer from another employer and dissatisfaction with wages. The authors proposed the use of retention tools, which are grouped into the following groups: motivating, team-building, career, supportive. The article has practical value, since the presented tools can be used in various organizations to prevent excessive turnover

The effect of pipeline parameters of machines for applying liquid complex fertilizers on the drip-air mixture quality

The article is devoted to the study of a drip-air mixture flow through pipelines, namely, the determination of total pressure losses based on known values of the flow rates of the constituent phases or the loss coefficients of the constituent phases. The authors conclude that the conditions for introducing the drip-air mixture into the pipes do not affect the size of the flow structure stabilization area. It has been found that for small values of the air and liquid flow rates, the diameter and length of the pipeline, as well as its position, have a very significant effect on the flow structure of the two-phase mixture and on the average diameter of the droplets. For each pipeline length and diameter, there is a pulsation flow mode only at certain values of the air and liquid flow rates (Gv/Gl), moreover, the larger the diameter and length of the pipeline, the later the pulsation flow mode occurs. At high values Gv/Gl, the position, length, and diameter of the pipeline do not have a noticeable effect on the flow shape, the flow has a finely dispersed structure, pressure pulsation is practically absent