Variation in CHI3LI in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes and Related Quantitative Traits

CHI3LI encoding the inflammatory glycoprotein YKL-40 is located on chromosome 1q32.1. YKL-40 is involved in inflammatory processes and patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have elevated circulating YKL-40 levels which correlate with their level of insulin resistance. Interestingly, it has been reported that rs10399931 (-329 G/A) of CHI3LI contributes to the inter-individual plasma YKL-40 levels in patients with sarcoidosis, and that rs4950928 (-131 C/G) is a susceptibility polymorphism for asthma and a decline in lung function. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or haplotypes thereof the CHI3LI locus might influence risk of T2D. The aim of the present study was to investigate the putative association between SNPs and haplotype blocks of CHI3LI and T2D and T2D related quantitative traits.Eleven SNPs of CHI3LI were genotyped in 6514 individuals from the Inter99 cohort and 2924 individuals from the outpatient clinic at Steno Diabetes Center. In cas-control studies a total of 2345 T2D patients and 5302 individuals with a normal glucose tolerance test were examined. We found no association between rs10399931 (OR, 0.98 (CI, 0.88-1.10), p = 0.76), rs4950928 (0.98 (0.87-1.10), p = 0.68) or any of the other SNPs with T2D. Similarly, we found no significant association between any of the 11 tgSNPs and T2D related quantitative traits, all p>0.14. None of the identified haplotype blocks of CHI3LI showed any association with T2D, all p>0.16.None of the examined SNPs or haplotype blocks of CHI3LI showed any association with T2D or T2D related quantitative traits. Estimates of insulin resistance and dysregulated glucose homeostasis in T2D do not seem to be accounted for by the examined variations of CHI3LI

YKL-40 tissue expression and plasma levels in patients with ovarian cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>YKL-40 (chitinase-3-like-1) is a member of "mammalian chitinase-like proteins". The protein is expressed in many types of cancer cells and the highest plasma YKL-40 levels have been found in patients with metastatic disease, short recurrence/progression-free intervals, and short overall survival. The aim of the study was to determine the expression of YKL-40 in tumor tissue and plasma in patients with borderline ovarian tumor or epithelial ovarian cancer (OC), and investigate prognostic value of this marker.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>YKL-40 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in tissue arrays from 181 borderline tumors and 473 OC. Plasma YKL-40 was determined by ELISA in preoperative samples from 19 patients with borderline tumor and 76 OC patients.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>YKL-40 protein expression was found in cancer cells, tumor associated macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells. The tumor cell expression was higher in OC than in borderline tumors (p = 0.001), and associated with FIGO stage (p < 0.0001) and histological subtype (p = 0.0009). Positive YKL-40 expression (≥ 5% staining) was not associated with reduced survival. Plasma YKL-40 was also higher in patients with OC than in patients with borderline tumors (p < 0.0001), and it was positively correlated to serum CA-125 (p < 0.0001) and FIGO stage (p = 0.0001). Univariate Cox analysis of plasma YKL-40 showed association with overall survival (p < 0.0001). Multivariate Cox analysis, including plasma YKL-40, serum CA125, FIGO stage, age and radicality after primary surgery as variables, showed that elevated plasma YKL-40 was associated with a shorter survival (HR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.40–3.25, p = 0.0004).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>YKL-40 in OC tissue and plasma are related to stage and histology, but only plasma YKL-40 is a prognostic biomarker in patients with OC.</p

Wavelet based multi-chip rate diret sequence code division multiple access [Dalgacik tabanli çoklu-çip hizli dogrudan dizili kod bölmeli çoklu erişim]

IEEE 13th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, SIU 2005 -- 16 May 2005 through 18 May 2005 -- Kayseri -- 69003In this paper, we use the scaled orthogonal wavelets as chip waveforms of Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) signals. This design is a multi-data/chip rate DS-CDMA system. The users are identified by the scales as well as orthogonal DS spreading codes. One spreading code can be used by multiple users that use different scales of the chip waveform. Due to the scale orthogonality of the wavelets, Multiple Access Interference (MAI) among the users that use same spreading code becomes zero in synchronous transmission. On the other hand, the conventional chip waveforms such as raised cosine and rectangular waveforms do not have the orthogonality property across the scales. Thus, the conventional multi-chip rate DS-CDMA systems have MAI even in synchronous transmission. Under small timing errors, the orthogonality among the scales of the orthogonal wavelets degrades; however, it is shown that the MAI remains very small among the users on the different scales. Thus, the Daubechies based systems outperform the conventional chip waveform based systems. Daubechies-8 based multi-chip rate system has 45% more capacity (the number of users per Hertz) than raised cosine based multi-chip rate system over a Quasi-Synchronous Additive White Gaussian Channel. © 2005 IEEE

Performance of optimum wavelet waveform for DS-CDMA chip waveform over QS-AWGN channel

In this paper, we search for a better chip waveform based on orthogonal wavelets for direct sequence-code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) signals to improve the probability of error (Pe) performance with minimal signal bandwidth variations. First, we derive the Pe expression over a quasi-synchronous additive white Gaussian noise channel for DS-CDMA signals, which use various pulse shaping waveforms including orthogonal wavelets as chip waveforms. It is observed that this expression depends on the chip waveform. Then, we design an optimum wavelet by using the relationship between wavelets and filter coefficients to reduce the probability of error. The DS-CDMA system using the optimum wavelet waveform results in a lower probability of error than those using the conventional chip waveforms such as raised cosine, half-sine and rectangular waveforms. Especially, the Pe of the optimum wavelet-based scheme becomes significantly better than those of the conventional chip waveforms-based schemes under the heavy loading that is the case for commercial wireless systems. When the systems work with full load (i.e. the number of users equals the processing gain), the optimum wavelet-based system results in 0.5, 2.1 and 4 dB better SNR values than those of the raised cosine, half-sine and rectangular-based systems, respectively, for a Pe value of 10-3. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd

Bit error rate performance of Haar wavelet based scale-code division multiple access (HW/S-CDMA) over the asynchronous AWGN channel

In this paper, we study a recently proposed multirate system, called wavelet based scale-code division multiple access (W/S-CDMA). W/S-CDMA depends on the code, time and scale orthogonality introduced by pseudo-noise (PN) sequences, and wavelets. In this system, the channel is partitioned into different scales, and each scale into time slots. In addition, the PN sequences are used in each scale to identify multiple users. In W/S-CDMA, each user is assigned a specific scale and PN sequence, and transmits its successive information symbols with its PN sequence and the wavelets in that scale. More symbols are transmitted in finer scales. We analyse the bit error rate performance of Haar wavelet based S-CDMA (HW/S-CDMA) over an asynchronous additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel by using a conventional detector for deterministic PN sequences. The performance of the system is compared to that of an equivalent multirate CDMA (MR-CDMA) system for Gold and Kasami PN sequences. Results show that HW/S-CDMA outperforms MR-CDMA. In addition, because of its suitable format HW/S-CDMA is also capable of employing the optimal PN sequence families with limited number of sequences such as Kasami, Bent, etc. repeatedly in different scales. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Optimization of wavelet based OFDM for multipath powerline channel by genetic algorithm

Using genetic algorithm (GA), optimal wavelets are obtained to reduce ISI and ICI powers of a wavelet-based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system over a practical two path low-voltage powerline channel or two path fading channel by relaxing the perfect quadrate mirror filter (QMF) orthogonality. Optimum wavelet-based OFDM system experiences less interference compared to conventional and Daubechies (Db) wavelet-based OFDM systems. © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Comparative study between the SORS and Dynamic Strategy visual field testing methods on glaucomatous and healthy subjects

Purpose: To clinically validate the non-inferiority of the Sequentially Optimized Reconstruction Strategy (SORS) when compared to the Dynamic Strategy (DS). Methods: SORS is a novel perimetry testing strategy that evaluates a subset of test locations of a visual field (VF) test pattern and estimates the untested locations by linear approximation. When testing fewer locations, SORS has shown in computer simulations, to bring improvements in speed over conventional perimetry tests, while maintaining acquisition at high quality acquisition. To validate SORS, a prospective clinical study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology of Bern University Hospital, over 12 months. 83 subjects (32 healthy and 51 glaucoma patients with early to moderate visual field loss) out of 114 participants were included in the study. The subjects underwent perimetry tests on an Octopus 900 (Haag-Streit, Koeniz, Switzerland) using the G pattern with both DS and SORS. The acquired sensitivity thresholds (ST) by both tests were analyzed and compared. Results: DS-acquired VFs were used as a reference. High correlations between individual STs (r > 0.74) as well as between mean defect values (r>0.88) given by DS and SORS were obtained. The mean absolute error of SORS was under 3 dB with a 7o% reduction in acquisition time. SORS overestimated healthy VFs while slightly underestimating glaucomatous VFs. Qualitatively, SORS acquisition yielded VF with detectable defect patterns, albeit some isolated and small defects were occasionally missed. Conclusion: This clinical study showed that for healthy and glaucomatous patients, SORS-acquired VFs sufficiently correlated with the DS-acquired VFs with up to 70% reduction in acquisition time. Translational Relevance: This clinical study suggests that the novel perimetry strategy SORS could be used in routine clinical practice with comparable utility to the current standard DS, whereby providing a shorter and more comfortable perimetry experience