720 research outputs found
The spring and autumn phenophases of the broadleaves trees indicate the extension of growing season in the boreal forest environment. Abstract.
Missing physics in stick-slip dynamics of a model for peeling of an adhesive tape
It is now known that the equations of motion for the contact point during
peeling of an adhesive tape mounted on a roll introduced earlier are singular
and do not support dynamical jumps across the two stable branches of the peel
force function. By including the kinetic energy of the tape in the Lagrangian,
we derive equations of motion that support stick-slip jumps as a natural
consequence of the inherent dynamics. In the low mass limit, these equations
reproduce solutions obtained using a differential-algebraic algorithm
introduced for the earlier equations. Our analysis also shows that mass of the
ribbon has a strong influence on the nature of the dynamics.Comment: Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. E (Rapid Communication
Threat Rejection Fuels Political Dehumanization
Americans disagree about many things, including what threats are most pressing. We suggest people morally condemn and dehumanize opponents when they are perceived as rejecting the existence or severity of important perceived threats. We explore perceived "threat rejection" across five studies (N = 2,404) both in the real-world COVID-19 pandemic and in novel contexts. Americans morally condemned and dehumanized policy opponents when they seemed to reject realistic group threats (e.g., threat to the physical health or resources of the group). Believing opponents rejected symbolic group threats (e.g., to collective identity) was not reliably linked to condemnation and dehumanization. Importantly, the political dehumanization caused by perceived threat rejection can be soothed with a "threat acknowledgement" intervention
Testing the assumptions of linear prediction analysis in normal vowels
This paper develops an improved surrogate data test to show experimental evidence, for all the simple vowels of US English, for both male and female speakers, that Gaussian linear prediction analysis, a ubiquitous technique in current speech technologies, cannot be used to extract all the dynamical structure of real speech time series. The test provides robust evidence undermining the validity of these linear techniques, supporting the assumptions of either dynamical nonlinearity and/or non-Gaussianity common to more recent, complex, efforts at dynamical modelling speech time series. However, an additional finding is that the classical assumptions cannot be ruled out entirely, and plausible evidence is given to explain the success of the linear Gaussian theory as a weak approximation to the true, nonlinear/non-Gaussian dynamics. This supports the use of appropriate hybrid linear/nonlinear/non-Gaussian modelling. With a calibrated calculation of statistic and particular choice of experimental protocol, some of the known systematic problems of the method of surrogate data testing are circumvented to obtain results to support the conclusions to a high level of significance
Relaxation oscillations and negative strain rate sensitivity in the Portevin - Le Chatelier effect
A characteristic feature of the Portevin - Le Chatelier effect or the jerky
flow is the stick-slip nature of stress-strain curves which is believed to
result from the negative strain rate dependence of the flow stress. The latter
is assumed to result from the competition of a few relevant time scales
controlling the dynamics of jerky flow. We address the issue of time scales and
its connection to the negative strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress
within the framework of a model for the jerky flow which is known to reproduce
several experimentally observed features including the negative strain rate
sensitivity of the flow stress. We attempt to understand the above issues by
analyzing the geometry of the slow manifold underlying the relaxational
oscillations in the model. We show that the nature of the relaxational
oscillations is a result of the atypical bent geometry of the slow manifold.
The analysis of the slow manifold structure helps us to understand the time
scales operating in different regions of the slow manifold. Using this
information we are able to establish connection with the strain rate
sensitivity of the flow stress. The analysis also helps us to provide a proper
dynamical interpretation for the negative branch of the strain rate
sensitivity.Comment: 7 figures, To appear in Phys. Rev.
Dynamics of stick-slip in peeling of an adhesive tape
We investigate the dynamics of peeling of an adhesive tape subjected to a
constant pull speed. We derive the equations of motion for the angular speed of
the roller tape, the peel angle and the pull force used in earlier
investigations using a Lagrangian. Due to the constraint between the pull
force, peel angle and the peel force, it falls into the category of
differential-algebraic equations requiring an appropriate algorithm for its
numerical solution. Using such a scheme, we show that stick-slip jumps emerge
in a purely dynamical manner. Our detailed numerical study shows that these set
of equations exhibit rich dynamics hitherto not reported. In particular, our
analysis shows that inertia has considerable influence on the nature of the
dynamics. Following studies in the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, we suggest a
phenomenological peel force function which includes the influence of the pull
speed. This reproduces the decreasing nature of the rupture force with the pull
speed observed in experiments. This rich dynamics is made transparent by using
a set of approximations valid in different regimes of the parameter space. The
approximate solutions capture major features of the exact numerical solutions
and also produce reasonably accurate values for the various quantities of
interest.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures. Minor modifications as suggested by refere
Force-matched embedded-atom method potential for niobium
Large-scale simulations of plastic deformation and phase transformations in
alloys require reliable classical interatomic potentials. We construct an
embedded-atom method potential for niobium as the first step in alloy potential
development. Optimization of the potential parameters to a well-converged set
of density-functional theory (DFT) forces, energies, and stresses produces a
reliable and transferable potential for molecular dynamics simulations. The
potential accurately describes properties related to the fitting data, and also
produces excellent results for quantities outside the fitting range. Structural
and elastic properties, defect energetics, and thermal behavior compare well
with DFT results and experimental data, e.g., DFT surface energies are
reproduced with less than 4% error, generalized stacking-fault energies differ
from DFT values by less than 15%, and the melting temperature is within 2% of
the experimental value.Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, 7 table
High order amplitude equation for steps on creep curve
We consider a model proposed by one of the authors for a type of plastic
instability found in creep experiments which reproduces a number of
experimentally observed features. The model consists of three coupled
non-linear differential equations describing the evolution of three types of
dislocations. The transition to the instability has been shown to be via Hopf
bifurcation leading to limit cycle solutions with respect to physically
relevant drive parameters. Here we use reductive perturbative method to extract
an amplitude equation of up to seventh order to obtain an approximate analytic
expression for the order parameter. The analysis also enables us to obtain the
bifurcation (phase) diagram of the instability. We find that while
supercritical bifurcation dominates the major part of the instability region,
subcritical bifurcation gradually takes over at one end of the region. These
results are compared with the known experimental results. Approximate analytic
expressions for the limit cycles for different types of bifurcations are shown
to agree with their corresponding numerical solutions of the equations
describing the model. The analysis also shows that high order nonlinearities
are important in the problem. This approach further allows us to map the
theoretical parameters to the experimentally observed macroscopic quantities.Comment: LaTex file and eps figures; Communicated to Phys. Rev.
Fingering Instability of Dislocations and Related Defects
We identify a fundamental morphological instability of mobile dislocations in
crystals and related line defects. A positive gradient in the local driving
force along the direction of defect motion destabilizes long-wavelength
vibrational modes, producing a ``fingering'' pattern. The minimum unstable
wavelength scales as the inverse square root of the force gradient. We
demonstrate the instability's onset in simulations of a screw dislocation in Al
(via molecular dynamics) and of a vortex in a 3-d XY ``rotator'' model.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
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