Thermal constraints on in vivo optogenetic manipulations.

A key assumption of optogenetics is that light only affects opsin-expressing neurons. However, illumination invariably heats tissue, and many physiological processes are temperature-sensitive. Commonly used illumination protocols increased the temperature by 0.2-2 °C and suppressed spiking in multiple brain regions. In the striatum, light delivery activated an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance and biased rotational behavior. Thus, careful consideration of light-delivery parameters is required, as even modest intracranial heating can confound interpretation of optogenetic experiments

Social Work Values and Ethics Issues of Universality

The question of whether the social work profession has a set of values that can be claimed by all social workers around the world has been and continues to be an important issue in a growing interdependent world. With the increase in global cooperation and collaborative projects between social work programs worldwide, the similarities and differences in social work values should be explored. Core social work values in nonwestern countries reflect societies in which the importance of community, spirituality, traditional beliefs, social justice/action and economic circumstances are emphasized. In western countries social work values are more concerned with individualism, objectivity, discrimination issues, self-realization and democracy. The purpose of this article is to examine the definition and layers of values, the emergence of social work values, the relationship between social work values and their social context and whether or not it is possible to have universal social work values

Pattern recognition by means of electric stimuli

None provided

Differentiation For All Learners: Applying Theory and Practice So All Children Reach Their Potential

Teachers in classrooms today are challenged with students with a ride range of abilities necessitating differentiation in the classroom. Faced with increasingly heterogeneous populations of students, including the mainstreaming of special education students, teachers are challenged to develop curricula that is matched to students’ abilities. This project focused on how to adapt state mandated grade level content to multiple instructional levels. Included in this project is a differentiated unit on the American Revolution based on Minnesota fifth grade standards. The unit is differentiated to first grade, third grade and fifth grade reading and writing levels. This project demonstrates how teachers can adapt curriculum in a classroom so that all students maximize their learning and learn grade level content at their instructional level

The Washakie Letters of Willie Ottogary

Writings by American Indians from the early twentieth century or earlier are rare. Willie Ottogary\u27s letters have the distinction of being firsthand reports of an Indian community\u27s ongoing social life by a community member and leader. The Northwestern Shoshone residing at the Washakie colony in northern Utah descended from survivors of the Bear River Massacre. Most had converted to the Mormon Church and remained in northern Utah rather than moving to a federal Indian reservation. For over twenty years, local newspapers in Utah and southern Idaho regularly published letters from Ottogary reporting happenings-personal milestones and health crises, comings and goings, social events, economic conditions and activities, efforts at political redress-at Washakie and other Shoshone communities in the intermountain West. Matthew Kreitzer compiled and edited the letters of Ottogary and added historical commentary and appendices, biographical data on individuals Ottogary mentioned, and eighty-five rare historical photographs. Written in a vernacular English and printed unedited in the newspapers, the letters describe a society in cultural transition and present Ottogary\u27s distinctively Shoshone point of view on anything affecting his people. Thus, they provide an unusual picture of Shoshone life through a critical period, a time when many Indian communities reached a historical nadir. While the letters unflinchingly report the many difficulties and challenges the Shoshone faced, they portray a vital and dynamic society, whose members led full lives and actively pursued their own interests. Ottogary lobbied constantly for Shoshone rights, forging alliances with Shoshone throughout the region, visiting Washington D.C., advocating legislation, and participating in Goshute-Western Shoshone draft resistance during World War I.https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/1057/thumbnail.jp

A follow-up study of fifty children recommended for residential psychiatric treatment in 1953 by the New Hampshire child guidance clinics

Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit

AN EVALUATION OF HYDROSTRATIGRAPHIC CHARACTERIZATION METHODS BASED ON WELL LOGS FOR GROUNDWATER MODELING OF THE HIGH PLAINS AQUIFER IN SOUTHWEST KANSAS

The Ogallala portion of the High Plains aquifer is the primary source of water for irrigation and municipal purposes in southwestern Kansas. The spatial variability and connectivity of permeable and non-permeable deposits influence local ground-water flow and availability. The complex distribution of lithology, as well as the limited quality and quantity of high-resolution data sources, present challenges for subsurface characterization. This study uses conditional rules based on regional hydrogeologic knowledge, and a relational well log database of over 4,000 carefully-screened drilling logs to consistently translate sediment descriptions into a form useful for 2D and 3D characterization of the High Plains aquifer framework. Methods used to approximate the spatial distribution of hydrogeologic units differ in function, application, computational requirements, and the amount and type of information needed. Semivariograms and transition probability geostatistics show that low permeability units are laterally extensive, and can be spatially correlated at distances up to 1 km across the study area. The modeling work described in this report incorporates various spatial approximations of hydraulic parameters to demonstrate the influence of heterogeneity on the ground-water flow system. The results of this study contribute to the conceptual understanding of local heterogeneity in the hydrostratigraphic framework

The states are now the battleground in the fight over abortion rights.

The new Republican controlled Congress has put further restrictions on abortion near the top of its agenda for this legislative session. Rebecca J. Kreitzer looks at another arena where the GOP is also working to expand abortion restrictions – in the American states. She writes that in the last two decades, more than 700 state laws have passed which while keeping abortion legal, make it nearly inaccessible. She also finds that those states with Democratic women legislators are more likely to block more restrictive abortion policies, rather than expand access