Water Encapsulation Control in Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Laser Irradiation

Owing to one-dimensionality, nanoscale curvature, and high chemical stability, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have unique surfaces for gas molecules: outer surface as adsorption (exohedral) site and inner surface that provides encapsulation (endohedral) space. Because as-grown SWNTs have different structure (chirality and diameter) and they are normally bundled, it is extremely difficult to investigate the intrinsic properties of SWNTs as adsorbent. Here we demonstrate controlling adsorption and encapsulation states of water in individual suspended SWNTs using laser irradiation with monitoring of their behavior by photoluminescence measurement and perform molecular dynamics simulation. The laser heating and the pressure control make water molecules encapsulated or ejected for SWNTs, which are individually oxidized and opened with laser heating. The precise control of oxidization makes it possible to observe the cluster formation of water molecules during the encapsulation process and to confine water molecules inside SWNTs even in vacuum

PET imaging with ⁸⁹Zr-lableled anti-CD147 antibody 059-053.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Serial PET images (maximum-intensity-projection) of a nude mouse bearing MIA PaCa-2 (yellow arrowhead) and A4 (white arrowhead) xenografted tumors at 30 min, and days 1, 2, 4, and 6 after intravenous injection of 3.7 MBq [⁸⁹Zr]059-053. PET images of the same mouse are shown at different scale settings. (<b>B</b>) Coronal (upper) and transaxial (lower) images of PET/CT in the mouse orthotopic pancreatic cancer model (yellow arrowhead, MIA Paca-2) at day 6 after injection.</p

<i>In vivo</i> biodistribution experiments in nude mice bearing MIA PaCa-2 and A4 xenografts of radiolabeled anti-CD147 antibody 059-053.

<p>Samples were collected and weighted, and radioactivity was measured at day 1 (white bars), 2 (dot bars), 4 (gray bars) and 6 (black bars) after intravenous injection of 37 kBq each of [⁸⁹Zr]059-053 (A) and [¹²⁵I]059-053 (B). Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 5). *<i>P</i><0.01 vs. [⁸⁹Zr]059-053 tumor uptake at each time point analyzed by ANOVA with the Student–Newman–Keuls method multiple comparison test.</p

CD147 protein expression analysis of pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA Paca-2, PANC-1, BxPC-3, and AsPC-1) and A4 as a negative control.

<p>(A) Western blotting analysis of total cell lysate using anti-CD147 antibody (upper panel) and Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining of the same PVDF membrane as a loading control (lower panel). The ratio of band intensity is shown under the panels. (B) Subcellular localization of CD147 protein determined by immunofluorescence staining with anti-CD147 antibody (red) and DAPI nucleic acid staining (blue). The ratio of CD147 intensity is shown on the right of the panels. (C) CD147 expression in MIA Paca-2 (upper) and A4 (lower) xenografted tumors determined by immunohistochemical staining of frozen sections (10 µm thick).</p

Additional file 6: of Uniform intratumoral distribution of radioactivity produced using two different radioagents, 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 and 64Cu-ATSM, improves therapeutic efficacy in a small animal tumor model

(a) Tumor growth ratios of the same set of treated groups as described in Fig. 3. *, †, ‡P < 0.05 for combination, 64Cu-RaftRGD, and 64Cu-ATSM vs. vehicle control, respectively. Tumor growth ratios (b) and body weight changes (c) of U87MG tumor-bearing mice after co-administration of 64Cu-RaftRGD and 64Cu-ATSM at 111 MBq (55.5 MBq for each agent) and 148 MBq (74 MBq for each agent). Values are the means ± standard deviations (n = 4/group). *, **P < 0.05 and 0.01, respectively for 111 MBq-group vs. 148 MBq group, respectively. It should be noted that although vehicle controls (b, c) were not performed simultaneously along with the 111 MBq and 148 MBq groups, all the three independent experiments (#1 and #2 extracted from Additional file 4 and Additional file 6a, respectively) showed a reproducibly steady increase of the tumor volume in the vehicle-treated mice. (PDF 337 kb

Additional file 3: of Uniform intratumoral distribution of radioactivity produced using two different radioagents, 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 and 64Cu-ATSM, improves therapeutic efficacy in a small animal tumor model

Intratumoral distribution of 64Cu-ATSM and microvasculature. An adjacent slice to that presented in Fig. 2b was examined by autoradiography, CD31 immunofluorescence staining, and HE staining. Merged image showing 64Cu-ATSM distribution in green, CD31-stained microvessels in red, and HE stains. High-resolution pictures shown by dotted rectangles clearly depicting the stained microvessels in smaller size in 64Cu-ATSM high- vs. low-accumulated areas. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 2 mm, 200 μm. (PDF 285 kb

Additional file 5: of Uniform intratumoral distribution of radioactivity produced using two different radioagents, 64Cu-cyclam-RAFT-c(-RGDfK-)4 and 64Cu-ATSM, improves therapeutic efficacy in a small animal tumor model

Tumor growth curves (a) and body weight changes (b) of the same set of experimental groups as described in Fig. 3. Values are the means ± standard deviations (n = 6/group). The final data points shown for each group of mice (b) represent the results obtained at survival endpoint days (represented by a mean value). *, †, ‡P < 0.05 for combination, 64Cu-RaftRGD, and 64Cu-ATSM vs. vehicle control, respectively. (PDF 140 kb

CTOS growth in various culture conditions.

<p>(A) Growth curve of CTOS cultured in StemPro hESC (Invitrogen) or basal medium containing one of the growth factors as indicated. (B) Representative images of CTOS at day 14 in (A).</p

<i>In vitro</i> assays of radiolabeled anti-HER3 antibody Mab#58.

<p>(A) Cell binding assay for [⁸⁹Zr]Mab#58 comparing HER3 overexpressing HER3/RH7777 cells (closed triangles) and parent RH7777 cells (closed circles). (B) Competitive inhibition assay for DF-conjugated (closed circles) and unconjugated Mab#58 (closed squares). (C) Internalization assay for [⁸⁹Zr]Mab#58 at 37°C. Changes in the percentage of total radioactivity for each fraction are plotted against incubation time at 37°C (closed circles, internalized fraction; open triangles, membrane-bound fraction; open circles, protein-bound fraction in the culture medium; closed triangles, non-protein-bound fraction in the culture medium). These assays were conducted in duplicate. Data represent the mean.</p

Representative immunohistochemical staining of HER3/RH7777 (A) and RH7777 (B) xenografts for HER3 expression.

<p>Representative immunohistochemical staining of HER3/RH7777 (A) and RH7777 (B) xenografts for HER3 expression.</p