Interproximal Enamel Reduction: What Clinicians Should Know

AbstractInterproximal enamel reduction (IPR) is an orthodontic treatment option for gaining space to correct mild to moderate crowding malocclusions. Presently, there are many IPR instruments and techniques that are available for clinicians. No matter which instruments or techniques of IPR are used, the important thing is that clinicians should be aware of the considerations, advantages, anddisadvantages before performing IPR.Keywords: Interproximal enamel reduction (IPR), Orthodontic treatment, IPR instruments and techniques SWU Dent J. 2022;15(2):102-112

Production of a monoclonal antibody against aflatoxin M1 and its application for detection of aflatoxin M1 in fortified milk

AbstractAflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is a toxic metabolite of the fungal product aflatoxin found in milk. For food safety concern, maximum residual limits of AFM1 in milk and dairy products have been differently enforced in many countries. A suitable detection method is required to screen a large number of product samples for the AFM1 contamination. In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against AFM1 were generated using a conventional somatic cell fusion technique. After screening, five MAbs (AFM1-1, AFM1-3, AFM1-9, AFM1-11, and AFM1-17) were obtained that showed cross-reactivity with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) but with no other tested compounds. An indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a partially purified MAb and antigen-coated plates yielded the best sensitivity with the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) and the limit of detection (LOD) values of 0.13 ng/mL and 0.04 ng/mL, respectively. This indirect competitive ELISA was used to quantify the amount of fortified AFM1 in raw milk. The precision and accuracy in terms of % coefficient of variation (CV) and % recovery of the detection was investigated for both intra- (n = 6) and inter- (n = 12) variation assays. The % CV was found in the range of 3.50–15.8% and 1.32–7.98%, respectively, while the % recovery was in the range of 92–104% and 100–103%, respectively. In addition, the indirect ELISA was also used to detect AFM1 fortified in processed milk samples. The % CV and % recovery values were in the ranges of 0.1–33.0% and 91–109%, respectively. Comparison analysis between the indirect ELISA and high performance liquid chromatography was also performed and showed a good correlation with the R2 of 0.992 for the concentration of 0.2–5.0 ng/mL. These results indicated that the developed MAb and ELISA could be used for detection of AFM1 in milk samples

Chemical extraction of indigo from Indigofera tinctoria while attaining biological integrity

Indigofera tinctoria was permeabilized with 20% methanol (v/v) at 25 °C and released 8±2 μg indigo g −1 dry plant material (excluding roots). This is equivalent to 42±11% of the total indican within the cells. The plants began to recover after 2 weeks.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42486/1/10542_2004_Article_239463.pd

Third and Fourth Degree Perineal Lacerations of Episiotomy Versus Non-Episiotomy in Spontaneous Vaginal Deliveries at Phramongkutklao Hospital

Objective To study third and fourth degree perineal lacerations of episiotomy versus non- episiotomy in spontaneous vaginal deliveries. Materials and Methods 164 term singleton pregnancies admitted for spontaneous vaginal deliveries were randomly assigned to episiotomy or non-episiotomy at the time of deliveries. The primary outcome was number of third and fourth degree perineal lacerations. Postpartum perineal pain score was also assessed at 24 and 48 hours in different positions (stand, walk, lie down and sit). Results164 term singleton pregnancies were analyzed (82 cases / group). None of fourth degree laceration was found in this study. Third degree laceration occurred 8.5% in episiotomy group and 1.2% in non-episiotomy group (Relative risk, 8; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.28 to 50.04). No difference in perineal pain score at 24 and 48 hours postpartum. ConclusionIn term pregnancies with spontaneous vaginal deliveries, the episiotomy group had more risk of third degree perineal laceration than non-episiotomy group with no difference in pain

Chemical permeabilization and in situ removal of daidzein from biologically viable soybean (Glycine max) seeds

After 24 h of chemical permeabilization with 20% (v/v) methanol at 25 °C, the amount of daidzein released from soybean seeds is 15 to 20% of the amount (0.0423 ± 0.0045 mg/g seed dry wt) obtained by physical grinding. With this chemical permeabilization condition, 70% of the permeabilized seeds are still able to germinate. The release of daidzein is enhanced to 33% with the addition of XAD-4 to 20% (v/v) methanol without affecting seed viability. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42485/1/10542_2004_Article_176543.pd

3D vs. 2D cephalometric analysis comparisons with repeated measurements from 20 Thai males and 20 Thai females

This paper presented 3D cephalometric analysis on DICOM data from I-CAT CT cone-beam machine consisted of averages and standard deviations from 20 Thai males from 19 to 70 year (average 33.53 ± 14.08 year) and 20 Thai females from 16 to 70 year (average 32.60 ± 15.37 year). The angular measurements consisted of 49 lateral angular measurements and 9 frontal angular measurements while linear measurements consisted of 29 lateral linear measurements, 3 frontal linear measurements, and 8 perpendicular measurements. Results in 3D were compared with the corresponding 2D results showing that most midline-to-midline linear measurements and some midline-to-midline angular measurements were not different, while other types of measurements were significantly different. The 3D results will be used in the clinical Ceph3D services as requested by those with interests on cephalometric analysis and anthropology with focus on Thai subjects while the 2D results will be used for comparison with cephalometric analyses from other orthodontists.ts reserved

Acceptance of technology-enhanced learning for a theoretical radiological science course: a randomized controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Technology-enhanced learning (TEL) gives a view to improved education. However, there is a need to clarify how TEL can be used effectively. The study compared students' attitudes and opinions towards a traditional face-to-face course on theoretical radiological science and a TEL course where students could combine face-to-face lectures and e-learning modules at their best convenience.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>42 third-year dental students were randomly assigned to the traditional face-to-face group and the TEL group. Both groups completed questionnaires before the beginning and after completion of the course on attitudes and opinions towards a traditional face-to-face lectures and technology-enhanced learning. After completion of the course both groups also filled in the validated German-language TRIL (Trierer Inventar zur Lehrevaluation) questionnaire for the evaluation of courses given at universities.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both groups had a positive attitude towards e-learning that did not change over time. The TEL group attended significantly less face-to-face lectures than the traditional group. However, both groups stated that face-to-face lectures were the basis for education in a theoretical radiological science course.</p> <p>The members of the TEL group rated e-mail reminders significantly more important when they filled in the questionnaire on attitudes and opinions towards a traditional face-to-face lectures and technology-enhanced learning for the second time after completion of the course.</p> <p>The members of the technology-enhanced learning group were significantly less confident in passing the exam compared to the members of the traditional group. However, examination results did not differ significantly for traditional and the TEL group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>It seems that technology-enhanced learning in a theoretical radiological science course has the potential to reduce the need for face-to-face lectures. At the same time examination results are not impaired. However, technology-enhanced learning cannot completely replace traditional face-to-face lectures, because students indicate that they consider traditional teaching as the basis of their education.</p

Light -directed parallel synthesis of oligopeptide microarrays using in situ photogenerated acid.

Presently, there are strong demands for libraries of small peptides containing sequences of eight residues or less for applications such as screening antibodies and specific binding proteins. Light-directed synthesis on microarray platform developed by Affymetrix offers a mean to synthesize thousands of predetermined sequence oligopeptides at defined sites. In this technique, solid-phase peptide synthesis and photolithography approach are combined to construct the peptide microarray. Light illumination through photolithographic masks is used to control the pattern of the localized photodeprotection in different areas. As a result, the simultaneous synthesis of different peptide analogs at different locations can be achieved. However, many photolithographic masks, which are very expensive to make, are usually required for the synthesis. Consequently, establishment of the method as routine is simply not possible. Therefore, the objective of this research is to develop an inexpensive method to make the peptide microarray with high efficiency and accuracy. The development of the new technique stems from two main concepts. First, an acid compound generated from triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (SSb) by light activation is used in the deprotection step of the peptide synthesis. Second, laser scanner is used to replace the photolithographic mask in order to control the locations of the illumination by laser diode to simultaneously synthesize different oligopeptides on the microwell array platform. The comparative oligopeptide synthesis using the conventional acid, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and the photogenerated acid reveals that SSb can replace TFA in the pentapeptide synthesis with high efficiency (93 +/- 4%). The developed technique is used to synthesize two microarray models of human protein p53 (residue 20--25) and lead binding tetrapeptide (Glu-Cys-Glu-Glu). The oligopeptide models and their analogs are parallel synthesized in the predetermined locations of the microarrays. The specific binding of the oligopeptide models is detected at the correct synthesis locations as designed and can be distinguished from their analogs. The cost of making the peptide microarray using the developed technique and the photolithographic mask technique are estimated and compared. The comparison shows that the cost to operate the deprotection of 20 amino acids using the laser scanner is less expensive than that using the photomask. The technique developed in this research can be used to make the oligopeptide microarray with high efficiency, accuracy and is cost effective. Importantly, this technique is convenient to set up in any regular research laboratories.Ph.D.Applied SciencesChemical engineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/129789/2/3042100.pd