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    Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° производство Π½Π° 64Cu ΠΈ 89Zr Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ

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    ΠšΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ Π’ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° производство Π½Π° радиофармацСвтски ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ˜ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ˜ Π΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊ, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄ Скономска Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π½Π° Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡ΠΊΠ°. Оваа Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π° прСтставува ΠΎΠ±Ρ˜Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρƒ аспСкти Π²ΠΎ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ радиофармацСвтски ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ. Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° производство Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€-64 (Cooper-64/64Cu) ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡƒΠΌ-89 (Zirconium-89/89Zr) e ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π° слСднитС аспСкти: Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‚, Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Скономска Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ситС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π° физибилност. Анализата Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π° Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡƒΡ‚Π²Ρ€Π΄ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° 64Cu ΠΈ 89Zr-радиофармацСвтски ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π° кај нас. Оваа Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° 64Cu ΠΈ 89Zr-радиофармацСвтски ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ статистички ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ со ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ°. Π˜ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅ спровСдСно Π·Π° Π΄Π° сС Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π° гСографското влијаниС Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ±ΡƒΡ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° мСдицинскитС Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° производство Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€-64 ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡƒΠΌ-89 Π²ΠΎ Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ°. ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° изводливост сС Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡ€Π° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ Π½Π° производствСната Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° – УнивСрзитСтски институт Π·Π° позитронска Смисиона Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΡ˜Π° (УИ ΠŸΠ•Π’), Π²ΠΎ однос Π½Π° просторот ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° производство Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€-64 ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡƒΠΌ-89. Економската Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π° финансиска ΠΈ фармакоСкономска Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, со Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΈ оправданоста Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ радиофармацСвтски ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° пракса. Π’ΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π° бСшС ΠΈΠ·Π²Ρ€ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° производство Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€-64 ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡƒΠΌ-89 ΠΈ радиофармацСвтскитС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] ΠΈ 89Zr-trastuzumab. НаправСна Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎΠΊ-ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠ° со Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΄Π° сС Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΡˆΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ користа Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π±ΠΈ сС користСл 89Zr-trastuzumab наспроти биопсија, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° постапка Π·Π° спорСдба. Π Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ спровСдСнитС Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ ΠΈ моТности. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΎΠ΄ статистиката Π·Π° Ρ€Π°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎ Π Π΅ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° МакСдонија спорСдСно со Π·Π΅ΠΌΡ˜ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Европска Унија, ΠˆΡƒΠΆΠ½Π° Π•Π²Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ свСтот, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΅ Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° сС ΡƒΡΠ²ΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ стратСгии ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ Π΄Π° придонСсат Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎ ΡƒΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ со ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ. Π˜ΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ сС ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠΎ застапСни Π½Π° Π‘Π°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ‚, ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ Π²ΠΎ западноСвропскитС зСмји, Π° Π½Π° Балканскиот ΠŸΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΎΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° производство Π½Π° Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€-64 ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡƒΠΌ-89. УИ ΠŸΠ•Π’ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π·Π° производство Π½Π° 64Cu ΠΈ 89Zr Π²ΠΎ однос Π½Π° простор, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ…ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΌΠ°. Ѐинансиската Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ производство Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈ (Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€-64 ΠΈ Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡƒΠΌ-89) Π²ΠΎ Π˜Π½ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‚ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΡ‚ Π΅ поисплатливо ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅. ΠšΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ€-64, Ρ†ΠΈΡ€ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡƒΠΌ-89, Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½, радиофармацСвтски ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ, производство Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈ

    Estimation on clinical justification for the establishment of copper-64 radioisotope production and copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals application

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    Establishing the production of radiopharmaceuticals and introducing new radiopharmaceuticals into healthcare practice in a developing country is challenging, primarily from an economic point of view. A feasibility study provides an objective assessment that takes into account not only the economic aspect but also the clinical impact and development of research potential. The first phase of the feasibility study for the establishment of copper-64 radioisotope production is a preliminary analysis, which aims to assess whether the introduction of 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals into clinical use is possible and justified. The preliminary analysis includes a review of statistical data on malignant diseases on a national level based on reference databases, international and domestic, and a review of data on the clinical application of 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals based on a reference database for clinical trials. As to the cancer statistics review, for a more objective insight into assessing the justification for introducing new radiopharmaceuticals into clinical use, data on malignancies in North Macedonia were compared with data related to the world, southern Europe and the European Union. The comparison focused on data relating to lung, cervical, and brain neoplasms as cancers examined in clinical trials involving [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] radiopharmaceutical, one of the most widely explored 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals. As can be seen from the comparison, cervical cancer has a lower incidence and mortality in Macedonia than in the world but a higher incidence and mortality compared to southern Europe and the countries of the European Union. Lung and brain cancers have a higher incidence and mortality in Macedonia than in all other compared regions. The results of the cancer statistic review indicate that it is rational to adopt strategies which can contribute to better management of malignant diseases in Macedonia. One of those potential strategies could be introducing new radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine practice. As for solid malignant tumors, the detection of tumor hypoxia is of particular importance to optimize the treatment strategy and improve the overall prognosis. Positron emission tomography with hypoxia-avid radiopharmaceutical is a noninvasive method for measuring hypoxia, highly sensitive and directly quantitative. Considering the results of the preliminary analysis, it is reasonable to proceed to the next stages of the feasibility study for the establishment of the production of 64Cu radioisotope and the implementation of 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice in Macedonia. Radiopharmaceuticals based on copper-64 radioisotope are promising due to the unique properties of this radionuclide that are complementary for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes. Keywords: copper‑64, cancer incidence, cancer mortality, positron emission tomography, radiopharmaceutical

    Π”ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ˜Π½ Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° производство Π½Π° zirconium-89 Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° 89Zr-Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° пракса Π²ΠΎ Π Π΅ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° МакСдонија

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    In the last decade, the application of radiopharmaceuticals based on zirconium-89 (89Zr) radiometal has increased in both preclinical and clinical studies. The most frequently used 89Zr-radiopharmaceutical is 89Zr-trastuzumab used in the management of patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in North Macedonia and the most common cause of death from malignant neoplasms in this population; therefore, the introduction of new nuclear medicine procedures in these patients might improve the management of this disease. However,the introduction of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical production requires significant investments, both manpower and financial. The purpose of this work is to present the design conceptualization of a feasibility study for the establishment of production of zirconium-89 radioisotope and implementation of 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice in the Republic of North Macedonia and to present the initial results from the first phases of the study. This feasibility study is designed to include preliminary analysis, market research, technical feasibility analysis, economic analysis, review and analysis of all data and feasibility conclusion. The evaluation of the data from the analyses conducted in all study phases is needed to identify the favourable and unfavourable factors and circumstances in order to make a final assessment of the feasibility of establishing the zirconium-89 radioisotope and 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals production and implementation of 89Zr-trastuzumab use in nuclear medicine practice.Π’ΠΎ послСдната Π΄Π΅Ρ†Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ˜Π°, радиофармацСвтскитС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ содрТат zirconium-89 (89Zr) Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ‚ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ студии. ΠΠ°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΎ користСн 89Zr-Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊ Π΅ 89Zr-trastuzumab кој сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡƒΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ насока Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ со Ρ€Π°ΠΊ Π½Π° дојка. Π Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡ˜ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΎΡ‚ ΠΊΠ°Ρ€Ρ†ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ кај ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° МакСдонија ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ˜Ρ‡Π΅ΡΡ‚Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° смрт ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΈ кај ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡƒΠ»Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°, Π·Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° придонСсС Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° кај ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ. Π‘Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° производство Π½Π° Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ Π±Π°Ρ€Π° Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈ инвСстиции, финансиски ΠΈ кадровски. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° овој Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ прСтстави Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° производство Π½Π° zirconium-89 Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° 89Zr-Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° пракса Π²ΠΎ Π Π΅ΠΏΡƒΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅Ρ€Π½Π° МакСдонија, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ прСтстави Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π°. Оваа Ρ„ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ˜Π½ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠ° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ€Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°Ρ€ΠΎΡ‚, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ° изводливост, Скономска Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ситС ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΎΠΊ Π·Π° физибилност. Π•Π²Π°Π»ΡƒΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ†ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π²ΠΎ Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ситС Ρ„Π°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π½Π° Π·Π° Π΄Π° сС ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈ околности Π·Π° Π΄Π° сС донСсС ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ‡Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° физибилноста Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° производство Π½Π° zirconium-89 Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠΏ ΠΈ 89Zr-Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†Π΅Π²Ρ‚ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° 89Zr-trastuzumab Π²ΠΎ Π½ΡƒΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°Ρ€Π½ΠΎ-мСдицинската пракса

    Comparison of the impact of two versions of reagent and ancillary sets on the [18F]FDG radiochemical yield

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    Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the impact of the optimised versus standard version of the reagent set and ancillary kit on the [18F]FDG radiochemical yield. Materials and Methods: [18F]Fradioisotope is produced in a cyclotron (GE PETtrace 16.5 MeV) by irradiating enriched 18O water with protons. [ 18F]FDG radiosynthesis (a nucleophilic 18F-fluorination followed by base-catalyzed hydrolysis) is conducted using an automated synthesizer IBA Synthera V2 module and a single-use disposable system – Integrated Fluid Processor (IFP) as well as reagents and ancillary set. There are two commercially available versions of these sets. In the new version of the reagents set, the molar ratio acetonitrile-water in the cryptand solution is 4:1 instead of 1:1. As the separation cartridge in the new version of the ancillary kit is used QMA Carbonate Plus Light, instead of QMA Plus Light. A modification is also made in the purification cartridges, Oasis HLB in place of the C18 cartridge. In this study, 100 [18F]FDG batches in total are analyzed. 50 batches were synthesized using the standard version of the reagent and ancillary kits, while the other 50 batches were with the optimised version. The mean radiochemical yield (RCY), decay-corrected, and relevant standard deviation (SD) are calculated for both types of analyzed batches. Results: [18F]FDG batches produced using the optimised version of reagents and ancillary kit has higher RCY (65.01% Β± 4.52%) compared to the batches produced using the standard version (57.83% Β± 3.61%). Conclusion: This study confirms that the optimisation of the reagent and ancillary sets contributes to a higher radiochemical yield of the produced [ 18F]FDG

    Aseptic process validation of [18F]Sodium Fluoride radiopharmaceutical in-house production

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    Sodium fluoride ([18F]NaF) is a PET radiopharmaceutical for vizualization of the skeletal system and microcalcification. In the originally designed in-house method, [18F]NaF is recovered in aqueous solution after cyclotron irradiation, sterilized by passage through a 0.22 ΞΌm sterile filter and dispensed under aseptic conditions. To ensure the microbiological safety of drugs produced under aseptic conditions, validation of aseptic procedures is always recommended. This is essential for radiopharmaceuticals because most of them are released for administration before any sterility test can be completed due to their radioactive nature. This study reports the validation of the aseptic process applied to the internal production of [18F]NaF carried out in two phases: testing the number of viable microorganisms in radiopharmaceutical product prior to sterilization and process simulation studies (media fill tests). We found that all samples were sterile and the endotoxin concentration was well below the maximum acceptable level reported in the Ph Eur. monograph on [18F]NaF. The results confirmed that the entire production process of [18F]NaF can be carried out under strictly aseptic conditions following the validated procedures preserving the sterility of the final product

    Design of feasibility study for the establishment of production of zirconium-89 radioisotope and implementation of 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice in the Republic of North Macedonia

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    The radiopharmaceuticals based on zirconium-89 (89Zr) radiometal, in the last decade, have increased application in both preclinical and clinical studies. The most frequently used 89Zr-radiopharmaceutical is 89Zr-trastuzumab used in the management of patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in North Macedonia and the most common cause of death from malignant neoplasms in this population, therefore the introduction of new nuclear medicine procedures in these patients might improve the management of this disease. However, the introduction of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical production requires significant investments, both manpower and financial. In order to assess the feasibility of establishing the production of zirconium-89 radioisotope and 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals at the University Institute of Positron Emission Tomography (UI PET), a feasibility study is designed. The purpose of this work is to present the design conceptualization of a feasibility study for the establishment of production of zirconium-89 radioisotope and implementation of 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice in the Republic of North Macedonia and to present the initial results from the first phases of the study. This feasibility study is designed to include preliminary analysis, market research, technical feasibility analysis, economic analysis, review and analysis of all data and feasibility conclusion. The evaluation of the data from the analyses conducted in all study phases is needed to identify the favourable and unfavourable factors and circumstances in order to make a final assessment of the feasibility of establishing the zirconium-89 radioisotope and 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals production and implementation of 89Zr-trastuzumab use in nuclear medicine practice. Keywords: feasibility study, zirconium-89 radioisotope, 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals, production, 89Zr-trastuzuma

    Establishment of production laboratory for fluorodeoxyglucose 18F (18F-FDG)

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    The radiopharmaceuticals such as 18F-FDG are sterile radioactive products for human use and because of that production procedure is subject to special requirements. To minimize risks of radiation the production is fully automated in specially designed laboratories. On the other hand to minimize the microbiological and pyrogenic contamination during the production, all production steps should be carried out in clean areas entry to which should be through airlocks for personnel, equipment and materials. The production of 18F-FDG should be carried out under negative pressure surrounded by a positive pressure zone ensuring that appropriate air quality requirements are met according EN ISO 14644-1 Due to this requirements our laboratory is specially designed to ensure fully automated and safe production of 18F-FDG, taking care of radiation protection and sterility. For this purpose is equipped with double horizontal BBS1-SY hot cell shielded box designed to house automatic modules intended for routine production with two Synthera modules for 18F-FDG synthesis, which are multi-purpose fully automated synthesizers . For dispensing of FDG we have hot cell for aseptic radiopharmaceutical dispensing Talia with Class A laminar flow equipped with CLIO - automatic dispensing system for radiopharmaceuticals, designed for dispense villas and syringes. To ensure the safe manufacture of 18F-FDG radiopharmaceuticals, validation and qualification will be applied in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practices (GMP). All personnel for production will be trained in GMP, the safe handling of radioactive materials and radiation safety procedures

    Production of [11C] Choline in The University Institute for PET – new perspective in diagnostics of prostate malignancy in R. of Macedonia

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    [11C] Choline injection is radiopharmaceutical for oncological PET imaging of tumors which overexpress choline kinase. The most important clinical application of this PET radiopharmaceutical is in prostate cancer that can be visualized precisely, having differentiated localization located in comparison with benign tissue. The uptake of specific radiopharmaceutical remains constant thereafter, allowing better visualization of this kind of tumor. [11C]Choline PET/CT could represent an important imaging modality also in the detection of distant relapses in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence

    Development of the University’s Library Information System Model as an asset of the e-Society

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    Information society (e-Society) as new society base\ud on networks, computer and communication capabilities,\ud transforms the way that information is viewed and\ud managed, and change the way the organizations manage\ud their business processes. In this society the need for data\ud integration in one place has been present more than ever.\ud The key of success lies in creating appropriate information\ud system based on new technology and network capabilities\ud that will support the processes of the organization. The\ud universities represent specific organizations with the highest\ud priority of accessing to scientific knowledge. As academic\ud institutions which produce knowledge, universities use and\ud manage information from both: internal and external\ud sources. e-Society offer a new dimension for communication\ud between the students, professors and administrative staff by\ud allowing quick access to information from an unlimited\ud number of users from different locations at any time, with\ud the possibility of further processing and use thereof. The\ud existence of library information system (LIS) is a predisposition for quality assurance in universities. The\ud purpose of this paper is to propose a model for University’s\ud Library Information System (ULIS) that integrates\ud information in a simple way, and allows quick access to\ud books, electronic materials (internal books, lectures,\ud manuals, presentations etc.), articles or research results\ud from each member (unit) of the university

    Економско влијаниС Π½Π° фармакогСнСтскитС Ρ‚Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ° Π²Ρ€Π· фармакотСрапискиот пристап

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    Богласно ICH Topic E15, Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° (Π°Π½Π³. pharmacogenomics - PGx) сС Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° карактСристикитС Π½Π° Π”ΠΠš ΠΈ РНК ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ сС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ со ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚, Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° (pharmacogenetics – PGt) прСтставува ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠ° Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ сС Π΄Π΅Ρ„ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ€Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡ‚ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΡ˜Π° Π½Π° Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π”ΠΠš сСквСнцата ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ€Π·Π°Π½ΠΈ со ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚. Π”Π²Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°, чСсто сС користат Π½Π°ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ.ΠšΡ€Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° PGx чСстопати сС користи ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡƒΠ²Π°Ρ˜ΡœΠΈ сС ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π°. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° фармакогСномското ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°ΠΆΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π΅ Π΄Π° сС ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ робуснитС гСнСтски ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ искористСно Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° пракса Π·Π° Π΄Π° сС ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ со Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ појава Π½Π° нСсакани Ρ€Π΅Π°ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ корист ΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π»Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Ρ„Π°Ρ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€Π°ΠΏΠΈΡ˜Π°. ΠšΡ€Π°Ρ˜Π½Π°Ρ‚Π° Ρ†Π΅Π» Π΅ Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ‚ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΈ ΠΏΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ќС ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅Ρ‡Π°Ρ‚ максимум ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈ ќС ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ токсичност Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, со ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ ќС сС максимизира односот Π½Π° корист-Ρ€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅. Овој ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡƒΠΈΡ€Π°Π» Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡƒΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡ€Π°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π° (пСрсонализирана ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠ½Π°), Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° мСдицинска ΠΏΡ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π³ΠΎ користи гСнСтскиот ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ» Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Ρ†ΠΎΡ‚ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ нСгСнСтски ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ‚Π΅Π»ΠΈ) Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡ‡ΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡƒΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ донСсСни Π²ΠΎ врска со ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΡ˜Π°Ρ‚Π°, Π΄ΠΈΡ˜Π°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ‚Π° ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π° болСста. ΠŸΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρƒ студии Π·Π° гСнСтски Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΡƒΠ²Π°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΡ‚ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ‚, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡœΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π·ΡƒΠ»Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° сС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ Π²ΠΎ Π½Π°Ρ€Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ студии. ΠœΠ΅Ρ“ΡƒΡ‚ΠΎΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ˜Π°Ρ‚ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡƒ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π° гСнСтскитС Ρ„Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΊΠΈ области, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡˆΡ‚ΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ‚ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅Ρ˜ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡƒΡ‡ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ токсичноста, Π·Π° која сС ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‡ΡƒΠ²Π° Ρ‚Π΅ΡΡ‚ΠΈΡ€Π°ΡšΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄ Π΄Π° сС ΠΎΡ‚ΠΏΠΎΡ‡Π½Π΅ со Π»Π΅ΠΊΡƒΠ²Π°ΡšΠ΅Ρ‚
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