16 research outputs found
Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° 64Cu ΠΈ 89Zr ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ
ΠΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΊ
ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΠΊ, Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ΄ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ° Π³Π»Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. Π€ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-64 (Cooper-64/64Cu) ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ-89 (Zirconium-89/89Zr) e ΠΎΡΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈ: Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π° 64Cu ΠΈ 89Zr-ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Ρ. ΠΠ²Π°Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° 64Cu ΠΈ 89Zr-ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-64 ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ-89 Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° β Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠ° Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° (Π£Π ΠΠΠ’), Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-64 ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ-89. ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-64 ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ-89 ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] ΠΈ 89Zr-trastuzumab. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ-ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π» 89Zr-trastuzumab Π½Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΊΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π±Π°.
Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ° Π£Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΡΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ. ΠΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΡ, ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π²ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π΅ΠΌΡΠΈ, Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-64 ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ-89. Π£Π ΠΠΠ’ ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° 64Cu ΠΈ 89Zr Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π° Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. Π€ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ (Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-64 ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ-89) Π²ΠΎ ΠΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π½ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅.
ΠΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ: Π±Π°ΠΊΠ°Ρ-64, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ-89, ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ
Estimation on clinical justification for the establishment of copper-64 radioisotope production and copper-64 radiopharmaceuticals application
Establishing the production of radiopharmaceuticals and introducing new radiopharmaceuticals into healthcare practice in a developing country is challenging, primarily from an economic point of view. A feasibility study provides an objective assessment that takes into account not only the economic aspect but also the clinical impact and development of research potential. The first phase of the feasibility study for the establishment of copper-64 radioisotope production is a preliminary analysis, which aims to assess whether the introduction of 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals into clinical use is possible and justified. The preliminary analysis includes a review of statistical data on malignant diseases on a national level based on reference databases, international and domestic, and a review of data on the clinical application of 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals based on a reference database for clinical trials. As to the cancer statistics review, for a more objective insight into assessing the justification for introducing new radiopharmaceuticals into clinical use, data on malignancies in North Macedonia were compared with data related to the world, southern Europe and the European Union. The comparison focused on data relating to lung, cervical, and brain neoplasms as cancers examined in clinical trials involving [64Cu][Cu(ATSM)] radiopharmaceutical, one of the most widely explored 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals. As can be seen from the comparison, cervical cancer has a lower incidence and mortality in Macedonia than in the world but a higher incidence and mortality compared to southern Europe and the countries of the European Union. Lung and brain cancers have a higher incidence and mortality in Macedonia than in all other compared regions. The results of the cancer statistic review indicate that it is rational to adopt strategies which can contribute to better management of malignant diseases in Macedonia. One of those potential strategies could be introducing new radiopharmaceuticals in nuclear medicine practice. As for solid malignant tumors, the detection of tumor hypoxia is of particular importance to optimize the treatment strategy and improve the overall prognosis. Positron emission tomography with hypoxia-avid radiopharmaceutical is a noninvasive method for measuring hypoxia, highly sensitive and directly quantitative. Considering the results of the preliminary analysis, it is reasonable to proceed to the next stages of the feasibility study for the establishment of the production of 64Cu radioisotope and the implementation of 64Cu-radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice in Macedonia. Radiopharmaceuticals based on copper-64 radioisotope are promising due to the unique properties of this radionuclide that are complementary for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes.
Keywords: copperβ64, cancer incidence, cancer mortality, positron emission tomography, radiopharmaceutical
ΠΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° zirconium-89 ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° 89Zr-ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°
In the last decade, the application of radiopharmaceuticals based on zirconium-89 (89Zr) radiometal has increased in both preclinical and clinical studies. The most frequently used 89Zr-radiopharmaceutical is 89Zr-trastuzumab used in the management of patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in North Macedonia and the most common cause of death from malignant neoplasms in this population; therefore, the introduction of new nuclear medicine procedures in these patients might improve the management of this disease. However,the introduction of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical production requires significant investments, both manpower and financial. The purpose of this work is to present the design conceptualization of a feasibility study for the establishment of production of zirconium-89 radioisotope and implementation of 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice in the Republic of North Macedonia and to present the initial results from the first phases of the study. This feasibility study is designed to include preliminary analysis, market research, technical feasibility analysis, economic analysis, review and analysis of all data and feasibility conclusion. The evaluation of the data from the analyses conducted in all study phases is needed to identify the favourable and unfavourable factors and circumstances in order to make a final assessment of the feasibility of establishing the zirconium-89 radioisotope and 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals production and implementation of 89Zr-trastuzumab use in nuclear medicine practice.ΠΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ zirconium-89 (89Zr) ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ Π·Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ 89Zr-ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΠΊ Π΅ 89Zr-trastuzumab ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°. Π Π°ΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π·Π° ΡΠΌΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ³Π½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ. Π‘Π΅ΠΏΠ°ΠΊ, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π΅ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° zirconium-89 ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° 89Zr-ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡ, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡ, Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π³Π»Π΅Π΄ ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π·Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π° Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ° Π·Π° Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° zirconium-89 ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏ ΠΈ 89Zr-ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° 89Zr-trastuzumab Π²ΠΎ Π½ΡΠΊΠ»Π΅Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°
Comparison of the impact of two versions of reagent and ancillary sets on the [18F]FDG radiochemical yield
Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the impact of the optimised versus standard version of the reagent
set and ancillary kit on the [18F]FDG radiochemical yield.
Materials and Methods: [18F]Fradioisotope is produced in a cyclotron (GE PETtrace 16.5 MeV) by irradiating
enriched 18O water with protons.
[
18F]FDG radiosynthesis (a nucleophilic 18F-fluorination followed by base-catalyzed hydrolysis) is conducted
using an automated synthesizer IBA Synthera V2 module and a single-use disposable system β Integrated Fluid
Processor (IFP) as well as reagents and ancillary set. There are two commercially available versions of these sets.
In the new version of the reagents set, the molar ratio acetonitrile-water in the cryptand solution is 4:1 instead of
1:1. As the separation cartridge in the new version of the ancillary kit is used QMA Carbonate Plus Light, instead
of QMA Plus Light. A modification is also made in the purification cartridges, Oasis HLB in place of the C18
cartridge.
In this study, 100 [18F]FDG batches in total are analyzed. 50 batches were synthesized using the standard version
of the reagent and ancillary kits, while the other 50 batches were with the optimised version.
The mean radiochemical yield (RCY), decay-corrected, and relevant standard deviation (SD) are calculated for
both types of analyzed batches.
Results: [18F]FDG batches produced using the optimised version of reagents and ancillary kit has higher RCY
(65.01% Β± 4.52%) compared to the batches produced using the standard version (57.83% Β± 3.61%).
Conclusion: This study confirms that the optimisation of the reagent and ancillary sets contributes to a higher
radiochemical yield of the produced [
18F]FDG
Aseptic process validation of [18F]Sodium Fluoride radiopharmaceutical in-house production
Sodium fluoride ([18F]NaF) is a PET radiopharmaceutical for vizualization of the skeletal system and microcalcification. In the originally designed in-house method, [18F]NaF is recovered in aqueous solution after cyclotron irradiation, sterilized by passage through a 0.22 ΞΌm sterile filter and dispensed under aseptic conditions. To ensure the microbiological safety of drugs produced under aseptic conditions, validation of aseptic procedures is always recommended. This is essential for radiopharmaceuticals because most of them are released for administration before any sterility test can be completed due to their radioactive nature.
This study reports the validation of the aseptic process applied to the internal production of [18F]NaF carried out in two phases: testing the number of viable microorganisms in radiopharmaceutical product prior to sterilization and process simulation studies (media fill tests). We found that all samples were sterile and the endotoxin concentration was well below the maximum acceptable level reported in the Ph Eur. monograph on [18F]NaF. The results confirmed that the entire production process of [18F]NaF can be carried out under strictly aseptic conditions following the validated procedures preserving the sterility of the final product
Design of feasibility study for the establishment of production of zirconium-89 radioisotope and implementation of 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice in the Republic of North Macedonia
The radiopharmaceuticals based on zirconium-89 (89Zr) radiometal, in the last decade, have increased application in both preclinical and clinical studies. The most frequently used 89Zr-radiopharmaceutical is 89Zr-trastuzumab used in the management of patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in North Macedonia and the most common cause of death from malignant neoplasms in this population, therefore the introduction of new nuclear medicine procedures in these patients might improve the management of this disease. However, the introduction of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical production requires significant investments, both manpower and financial.
In order to assess the feasibility of establishing the production of zirconium-89 radioisotope and 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals at the University Institute of Positron Emission Tomography (UI PET), a feasibility study is designed.
The purpose of this work is to present the design conceptualization of a feasibility study for the establishment of production of zirconium-89 radioisotope and implementation of 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice in the Republic of North Macedonia and to present the initial results from the first phases of the study. This feasibility study is designed to include preliminary analysis, market research, technical feasibility analysis, economic analysis, review and analysis of all data and feasibility conclusion.
The evaluation of the data from the analyses conducted in all study phases is needed to identify the favourable and unfavourable factors and circumstances in order to make a final assessment of the feasibility of establishing the zirconium-89 radioisotope and 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals production and implementation of 89Zr-trastuzumab use in nuclear medicine practice.
Keywords: feasibility study, zirconium-89 radioisotope, 89Zr-radiopharmaceuticals, production, 89Zr-trastuzuma
Establishment of production laboratory for fluorodeoxyglucose 18F (18F-FDG)
The radiopharmaceuticals such as 18F-FDG are sterile radioactive products for human use and because of that production procedure is subject to special requirements. To minimize risks of radiation the production is fully automated in specially designed laboratories. On the other hand to minimize the microbiological and pyrogenic contamination during the production, all production steps should be carried out in clean areas entry to which should be through airlocks for personnel, equipment and materials. The production of 18F-FDG should be carried out under negative pressure surrounded by a positive pressure zone ensuring that appropriate air quality requirements are met according EN ISO 14644-1
Due to this requirements our laboratory is specially designed to ensure fully automated and safe production of 18F-FDG, taking care of radiation protection and sterility. For this purpose is equipped with double horizontal BBS1-SY hot cell shielded box designed to house automatic modules intended for routine production with two Synthera modules for 18F-FDG synthesis, which are multi-purpose fully automated synthesizers . For dispensing of FDG we have hot cell for aseptic radiopharmaceutical dispensing Talia with Class A laminar flow equipped with CLIO - automatic dispensing system for radiopharmaceuticals, designed for dispense villas and syringes.
To ensure the safe manufacture of 18F-FDG radiopharmaceuticals, validation and qualification will be applied in accordance with the principles of good manufacturing practices (GMP). All personnel for production will be trained in GMP, the safe handling of radioactive materials and radiation safety procedures
Production of [11C] Choline in The University Institute for PET β new perspective in diagnostics of prostate malignancy in R. of Macedonia
[11C] Choline injection is radiopharmaceutical for oncological PET imaging of tumors which overexpress choline kinase. The most important clinical application of this PET radiopharmaceutical is in prostate cancer that can be visualized precisely, having differentiated localization located in comparison with benign tissue. The uptake of specific radiopharmaceutical remains constant thereafter, allowing better visualization of
this kind of tumor. [11C]Choline PET/CT could represent an important imaging modality also in the detection of distant relapses in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence
Development of the Universityβs Library Information System Model as an asset of the e-Society
Information society (e-Society) as new society base\ud
on networks, computer and communication capabilities,\ud
transforms the way that information is viewed and\ud
managed, and change the way the organizations manage\ud
their business processes. In this society the need for data\ud
integration in one place has been present more than ever.\ud
The key of success lies in creating appropriate information\ud
system based on new technology and network capabilities\ud
that will support the processes of the organization. The\ud
universities represent specific organizations with the highest\ud
priority of accessing to scientific knowledge. As academic\ud
institutions which produce knowledge, universities use and\ud
manage information from both: internal and external\ud
sources. e-Society offer a new dimension for communication\ud
between the students, professors and administrative staff by\ud
allowing quick access to information from an unlimited\ud
number of users from different locations at any time, with\ud
the possibility of further processing and use thereof. The\ud
existence of library information system (LIS) is a predisposition for quality assurance in universities. The\ud
purpose of this paper is to propose a model for Universityβs\ud
Library Information System (ULIS) that integrates\ud
information in a simple way, and allows quick access to\ud
books, electronic materials (internal books, lectures,\ud
manuals, presentations etc.), articles or research results\ud
from each member (unit) of the university
ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ· ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΏ
Π‘ΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ICH Topic E15, ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° (Π°Π½Π³. pharmacogenomics - PGx) ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠΠ ΠΈ Π ΠΠ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° (pharmacogenetics β PGt) ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΠΠΠ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ²Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ. ΠΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ.ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° PGx ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°.
Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π²Π° Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π» Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π° ΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ-ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡ Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π» Π²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°), Π½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ» Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΡ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ) Π·Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ΄Π»ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΊΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ ΡΠΎ Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Ρ