Trudności w pracy nauczyciela matematyki

Publikacja bezpłatna - rozdział pochodzi z książki „Matematyka. Materiały metodyczne”, red. R. J. Pawlak, Z. Walczak, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Łódź 2014Publikacja przygotowana w ramach realizacji projektu „Nowoczesny nauczyciel Matematyki. Wzmocnienie kompetencji nauczycieli matematyki z województwa łódzkiego”, współfinansowanego ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego

The Need for Power and Influence, Sense of Power and Directiveness Among Teachers

The aim of the presented research was to answer the question whether people working as teachers differ from other professionals in terms of the sense of and need for power and directiveness. The study group consisted of 198 teachers, while the control group included 156 people from other occupations. The research procedure included: the SPS Sense of Power Scale (Anderson, John, & Keltner, 2012), the Index of Personal Reactions (Bennett, 1988), the SD Directiveness Scale (Ray, 1976) and an extended metric. Teachers had significantly higher results in terms of directiveness, sense of power in the family, sense of power towards colleagues, sense of power towards the supervisor, need for power and resistance to submission. Teachers had significantly lower results in the area of need for influence

Władza w organizacji zawodowej a władza w bliskich relacjach seksualnych

This work addresses the issue of the consequences that holding positions of power in professional life may have upon the individual’s sex life. Studies conducted up to now have demonstrated that the effects of wielding power in one’s professional life may influence the subject in the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral spheres (Fiske, 1993; Goodwin et al., 2000; Tiedens, 2001; Keltner, Gruenfeld & Anderson, 2003; Grant & Keohane, 2005; Anderson & Galinsky, 2006). However, these studies have not yielded extensive information about the interdependencies between power possession in the career context and the exercise of power in intimate relations and sexual life. The goal of this work is to analyze the connections between subjective and objective power in one’s professional position and the functioning of power in intimate sexual relations. The research that was carried out took into consideration the personal dimensions of power (need for power, directedness) and those of sexual function (frequency, degree of satisfaction, anxiety, motivation, dynamics of control in the sexual relation). The research also analyzed the correspondences that biological and psychological gender have with power in the workplace and power in sexual relationships. The study was conducted with the participation of 205 individuals, of whom 100 were people occupying positions of power in their given occupational roles, and 105 were people occupying subordinate positions. In order to measure the objective and subjective degrees of power in the workplace, interviews were conducted eliciting age, sex, income, number of subordinates, and the Sense of Power Scale (Anderson, John & Keltner, 2012) was also employed. Power as an element of sexual relations and sexual functioning was established by means of the following assessment tools: The Multidimensial Sexuality Questionnaire (Snell, Fisher & Walters, 1993), The Affective and Motivational Orientation Related to Erotic Arousal Questionnaire (Hill & Preston, 1996), Sexual Relationship Scale (Hughes & Snell, 1990), Explicit Power–Sex Measure (Chapleau & Oswald, 2010) and Implicit Association Test (Greenwald, McGhee & Schwarz, 1998). The individual aspects of power were assessed according to the Index of Personal Reactions (Bennett, 1988), and Directiveness Scale (Ray, 1976). Gender was diagnosed according to the Psychological Gender Inventory (Kuczyńska, 1992). The research which was carried out revealed statistically significant connections between power in the workplace and the exercise of power in sexual relationships. The exercise of objective power in a professional organizational structure (e.g. employment in a managerial position) was correlated with more frequent initiation of sexual activity, with greater assertiveness in the domain of sexuality, with more frequent acting out of one’s own sexual fantasies, and with a greater propensity for sexual dominance. Individuals displaying a higher sense of power in the professional organization they were characterized additionally by exchange approaches in sexual relationships and a conviction that the power relation is manifested in a sexual act. The results suggested that a significant role is played by the personal conditions of the exercise of power. The need of power additionally correlated with the readiness to undertake sexual activity with the goal of bolstering the feeling of power, a tendency towards sexual domination, sexual assertiveness and the realization of one’s own sexual fantasies. In the research, men occupied managerial workplace positions more frequently than did women; men also earned higher incomes and had greater numbers of subordinates. Men were also characterized by a greater sense of power in professional relations. More frequently than women, men seemed to be motivated in their sexual behavior by a desire to bolster their feelings of power; men also displayed a greater tendency towards sexual domination, more often exhibited exchange approaches to sexual relations expressed a higher level of sexual assertiveness, more frequently sought to realize their own sexual fantasies, and likewise more frequently initiated sexual activity. Psychological masculinity was furthermore correlated with the occupation of managerial professional positions, with a more instrumental approach to sexual behavior, with higher sexual self-confidence and with a greater inclination to initiate sexual activity. Psychological femininity was negatively correlated with size of income, subjective feeling of authority in the workplace, and tendency to initiate sexual activity. The conclusions extrapolated from the results of this research may find application in such areas of applied psychology and medicine as family counseling, marriage counseling, career counseling, and couples therapy

The need for power, need for influence, sense of power, and directiveness in female and male superiors and subordinates

background The purpose of the study was to examine the phenomenon of power within an organisation from the vantage point of gender, the occupied position, earnings, and the number of subordinates. participants and procedure The sample group comprised 107 female and 98 male participants. The mean age was 42.14 years (SD = 11.73). The study covered 100 superiors and 105 subordinates. The research tools were: the Need for Power and Influence Questionnaire (Bennett, 1988), the Personal Sense of Power Scale (Anderson, John, & Keltner, 2012), and the Directiveness Scale SD (Ray, 1976). results The superiors scored significantly higher on the need for power, need for influence, and directiveness. They also scored higher in terms of the need for power in relations with other people, with colleagues, and in superior-subordinate relations. The number of male leaders was conspicuously greater than the number of female leaders. Furthermore, women had fewer subordinates than men and earned less than men. Female participants scored lower on the sense of power and the need for power scales. conclusions Occupying either an executive or subordinate position differentiates between women and men in terms of sense of power in interpersonal relationships. The findings on sense of power in the professional context may be applied in organisational psychology in order to increase employees’ competence and qualifications

Psychological masculinity, femininity and tactics of manipulation in patients with borderline personality disorder

Aim. The aim of the study was a relation between the borderline personality disorder and psychological gender, and tendency to use various manipulation tactics in everyday life and therapeutic context. Methods. The study used the Psychological Gender Inventory (A. Kuczyńska, 1992), and self-developed questionnaire for evaluating the tendency to use manipulation tactics and a survey evaluating manipulation in therapeutic contact. The studied group included: 30 patients with diagnosed BPD, 30 people a control group and 125 therapists. Results. The study of psychological gender showed that in the patient group the level of masculinity was significantly lower. Results showed that 88% of the therapists participating in the study confirmed that they have experienced manipulation attempts from patients. The therapists assessed the tendency of patients to use manipulation tactics as greater than it was declared by the patients themselves. When compared to the control group, the patients indeed demonstrated a greater tendency to use the tactics of begging, threatening and threatening to break a close relationship and a lesser tendency to use the tactic of seduction. In the view of the therapists, during therapy patients most often used the tactics of lying and guilt induction. Conclusions. Manipulation is frequently used by BPD patients both in everyday life and in therapeutic contact. The most common reasons for using manipulation is to obtain benefits and to avoid negative consequences. It is necessary to conduct further research in this field and educate those who work with psychiatric patients in order to make them develop the ability to detect manipulation attempts and cope with such tactics

Sexual functioning and psychological situation of women suffering from vulvodynia

Wstęp. Wulwodynia to choroba polegająca na odczuwaniu bólu lub dyskomfortu o różnym nasileniu w okolicy narządów płciowych kobiet. Badania pokazują, że może na nią cierpieć ponad 12% kobiet. Choroba ta ma charakter chroniczny, w związku z czym wywiera istotny wpływ na sytuację psychologiczną kobiet. Celem badań było sprawdzenie sytuacji psychologicznej oraz funkcjonowania seksualnego kobiet z wulwodynią, a także weryfikacja hipotezy mówiącej o różnej częstości występowania wulwodynii w zależności od płci psychologicznej chorej. Materiał i metody. W badaniu wykorzystano autorskie narzędzie oceniające sytuację psychologiczną kobiet oraz jakość ich kontaktów z lekarzami, Inwentarz Płci Psychologicznej (IPP) autorstwa Kuczyńskiej oraz Wielowymiarowy Test Seksualności Snella. Zbadano 30 kobiet cierpiących na wulwodynię (grupa badawcza) oraz 30 kobiet zdrowych (grupa kontrolna). Wyniki. W grupie kobiet cierpiących na wulwodynię przeważały kobiety o kobiecej płci psychologicznej. Grupa badawcza znajdowała się ogólnie w gorszej sytuacji psychologicznej oraz cechowały ją gorsze kontakty z lekarzami w porównaniu z grupą kontrolną. Kobiety chore na wulwodynię charakteryzowała niższa wewnętrzna kontrola seksualności, większy poziom lęku przed seksem oraz przed związkami seksualnymi. Wnioski. Tematyka wulwodynii powinna być zgłębiana, bowiem choroba ta istotnie zmienia życie wielu kobiet. Ma ona zasadniczy wpływ na seksualność, samopoczucie, nastrój czy samoocenę cierpiących. Niestety, chore rzadko otrzymują adekwatną pomoc. Konieczna jest więc edukacja środowisk medycznych w zakresie wulwodynii.Introduction. Vulvodynia is a disease consisting in feeling a different level of pain and discomfort in the region of the female genitalia. Studies show that over 12% women can suffer from this disorder. The disease is chronic in its character and, as a result, has a significant impact on women’s psychological situation. The aim of the research was to check the psychological situation and sexual functioning of women with vulvodynia and to verify the hypothesis assuming a different prevalence of vulvodynia depending on the patient psychological gender. Materials and methods. The research was conducted using a proprietary tool for assessing the psychological situation of women and the quality of physician-patient contacts, the Sex Role Inventory (IPP) developed by Kuczyńska and Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (MSQ) by Snell. The study covered 30 women suffering from vulvodynia (study group) and 30 healthy women (control group). Results. In the group of women suffering from vulvodynia prevailed women with the feminine psychological gender. The study group was generally in worse psychological situation and featured worse contacts with physicians as compared with the control group. The women suffering from vulvodynia featured lower sexuality self-control, higher level of sexual anxiety before sexual intercourses and the fear of sexual relationships. Conclusions. The problems of vulvodynia require further research as the disease changes women’s lives significantly. It has a fundamental impact on sexuality, physical and mental state and self-esteem of the suffering women. Unfortunately, the patients very rarely receive adequate treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to educate medical professionals on the problem of vulvodynia

The Phenomenon of Fifty Shades of Grey : the Role of Sexual Satisfaction and Motivation

In recent years we have been able to observe the phenomenon of Fifty Shades of Grey. This poses questions about why the primary, female target audience liked the book. In the presented study we asked what aspects of the book attract female attention, what they despise and how the book assessment relates to sexual satisfaction or motivation. 217 respondents participated in the study. The variables analysed in the study included book assessment, sexual motivations, satisfaction and other features characterising individual sexuality. A positive assessment was negatively correlated with the respondents’ emotional satisfaction. The respondents who read similar books assessed Fifty Shades of Grey higher and reported lower emotional satisfaction compared to those who did not read such books

Women’s knowledge concerning pelvic floor muscles

WSTĘP: Mięśnie dna miednicy to dla kobiety jedne z ważniejszych partii mięśni mogących mieć związek z poziomem satysfakcji seksualnej obojga partnerów, a w pewnym stopniu ułatwić poród drogami natury. W późniejszym wieku ich osłabienie może powodować takie dolegliwości, jak nietrzymanie moczu, kału czy obniżanie i wypadanie narządów rodnych. Dlatego bardzo ważne jest, aby utrzymywać je w odpowiedniej kondycji, wykonując we właściwy sposób adekwatne ćwiczenia. Celem pracy było określenie stanu wiedzy kobiet na temat mięśni dna miednicy oraz analiza zależności między wykonywaniem ćwiczeń a problemem nietrzymania moczu, satysfakcją seksualną oraz częstotliwością osiągania orgazmów. MATERIAŁ I METODY: Zbadano grupę 726 kobiet. Wykorzystano autorską ankietę dotyczącą wiedzy na temat mięśni dna miednicy oraz doświadczeń badanych z ćwiczeniami tych partii mięśni. WYNIKI: 80% badanych wiedziało, gdzie znajdują się mięśnie dna miednicy, 73% znało ich funkcje. Tylko połowa badanych kobiet ćwiczyła je jednak kiedykolwiek. Najczęstszy sposób ćwiczenia mięśni dna miednicy to ich skurcze. Dodatkowo wynik badania pokazał, że kobiety, które ćwiczyły mięśnie dna miednicy, częściej osiągały orgazmy podczas stosunku oraz miały istotnie wyższą satysfakcję z życia seksualnego w porównaniu z kobietami nigdy niećwiczącymi tych partii mięśni. WNIOSKI: Ważna jest edukacja kobiet dotycząca budowy, funkcji oraz istotności mięśni dna miednicy, tak aby więcej kobiet wykonywało te ćwiczenia. Istnieje potrzeba dokładnej edukacji kobiet, w jaki sposób powinny wykonywać skuteczne ćwiczenia tych partii mięśni.INTRODUCTION: Pelvic floor muscles are among the most important muscle parts for women; they can also be linked with the level of sexual satisfaction derived by both partners and they can facilitate natural birth. Later in life, their weakness may lead to such problems as urinary and fecal incontinence, as well as lowering and prolapse of reproductive organs. For this reason, it is very important to maintain good condition of pelvic floor muscles by performing suitable exercises in a proper way. The purpose of this work was to determine the level of knowledge of women regarding pelvic floor muscles, as well as to analyze the relation between exercising and urinary incontinence, sexual satisfaction and frequency of experienced orgasms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 726 women were tested. During the study, the author used her own survey regarding pelvic floor muscles and experience related to exercising these muscle parts. RESULTS: 80% of patients knew the location of the pelvic floor muscles and 73% were aware of their functions. However, only half of the patients ever exercised them. The most frequent method of exercising pelvic floor muscles involves their contracting. Moreover, the study showed that women who exercised their pelvic floor muscles climaxed more often during intercourse and felt higher satisfaction with their sexual life compared to women who never performed exercises of these muscle parts. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to educate women regarding the structure, functions and the significance of pelvic floor muscles so that more women start performing these exercises. There is a need to apply precise education regarding how to effectively exercise these muscle parts

Sexual functioning and psychological situation of women suffering from vulvodynia

Introduction.Introduction.Introduction.Introduction.Introduction. Vulvodynia is a disease consisting in feeling a different level of pain and discomfort in the region of the female genitalia. Studies show that over 12% women can suffer from this disorder. The disease is chronic in its character and, as a result, has a significant impact on women’s psychological situation. The aim of the research was to check the psychological situation and sexual functioning of women with vulvo-dynia and to verify the hypothesis assuming a different prevalence of vulvodynia depending on the patient psychological gender. Materials and methods.Materials and methods.Materials and methods.Materials and methods.Materials and methods. The research was conducted using a proprietary tool for assessing the psycholo-gical situation of women and the quality of physician-patient contacts, the Sex Role Inventory (IPP) developed by Kuczyńska and Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (MSQ) by Snell. The study covered 30 wo-men suffering from vulvodynia (study group) and 30 healthy women (control group). Results.Results.Results.Results.Results. In the group of women suffering from vulvodynia prevailed women with the feminine psychological gender. The study group was generally in worse psychological situation and featured worse contacts with physicians as compared with the control group. The women suffering from vulvodynia featured lower sexu-ality self-control, higher level of sexual anxiety before sexual intercourses and the fear of sexual relationships. Conclusions. Conclusions. Conclusions. Conclusions. Conclusions. The problems of vulvodynia require further research as the disease changes women’s lives significantly. It has a fundamental impact on sexuality, physical and mental state and self-esteem of the suffe-ring women. Unfortunately, the patients very rarely receive adequate treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to educate medical professionals on the problem of vulvodynia

Women’s knowledge concerning pelvic floor muscles

ntroduction: Pelvic floor muscles are among the most important muscle parts for women; they can also be linked with the level of sexual satisfaction derived by both partners and they can facilitate natural birth. Later in life, their weakness may lead to such problems as urinary and fecal incontinence, as well as low-ering and prolapse of reproductive organs. For this reason, it is very important to maintain good condition of pelvic floor muscles by performing suitable exercises in a proper way. The purpose of this work was to determine the level of knowledge of women regarding pelvic floor muscles, as well as to analyze the relation between exercising and urinary incontinence, sexual satisfaction and frequency of experienced orgasms. Material and methods: 726 women were tested. During the study, the author used her own survey regarding pelvic floor muscles and experience related to exercising these muscle parts. Results: 80% of patients knew the location of the pelvic floor muscles and 73% were aware of their functions. However, only half of the patients ever exercised them. The most frequent method of exercising pelvic floor muscles involves their contracting. Moreover, the study showed that women who exercised their pelvic floor muscles climaxed more often during intercourse and felt higher satisfaction with their sexual life compared to women who never performed exercises of these muscle parts. Conclusions: It is important to educate women regarding the structure, functions and the significance of pelvic floor muscles so that more women start performing these exercises. There is a need to apply precise education regarding how to effectively exercise these muscle parts