6 research outputs found
Hydrated lime matrix decreases ruminal biohydrogenation of flaxseed fatty acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients for humans, but dietary intake of these
nutrients by many Americans is inadequate due to low consumption of omega-3-rich
foods such as fish, walnuts, and flaxseed. In contrast, per capita consumption of red
meat is relatively high, but these products normally contain only small amounts of
omega-3 fatty acids. Feeding cattle diets that contain omega-3 fatty acids has consistently
increased the proportion of the desirable fats that accumulate in beef. Unfortunately,
the proportion of dietary omega-3 fats that are deposited into beef tissues is
relatively low, because microorganisms within the rumen biohydrogenate the unsaturated
omega-3 fatty acids extensively to produce the saturated fats that are characteristic
of beef fat. Encapsulation of fats has been proposed as a method for improving efficiency
of transfer of omega-3 fats into beef. Encapsulation processes apply a protective
barrier on the surface of fats or fat-containing feeds, which theoretically decreases fatsâ
susceptibility to microbial biohydrogenation. Protective coatings must remain intact to
retain their functionality, and physical damage to the coatings that occurs with normal
handling can result in poor efficacy because the core material is exposed to microorganisms
in the rumen. Embedding feed particles within a homogeneous protective matrix
constitutes a potentially useful alternative to protective surface barriers. The matrix is
created by mixing feed particles that are to be protected with a suitable matrix material
that is resistant to microbial digestion and subsequently forming the mixture into pills.
In cases where physical damage occurs, exposure of the core material is confined to the
broken surface, and the remainder of the matrix retains its ruminal stability.
The objective of this study was to determine if embedding flaxseed within a matrix of
hydrated dolomitic lime could be used as a method to decrease biohydrogenation of
polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids, thus improving efficiency of omega-3 fatty acids
absorption into the bloodstream
Effects of flaxseed encapsulation on biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by ruminal microorganisms: feedlot performance, carcass quality, and tissue fatty acid composition
Citation: Alvarado-Gilis, C. A., Aperce, C. C., Miller, K. A., Van Bibber-Krueger, C. L., Klamfoth, D., & Drouillard, J. S. (2015). Effects of flaxseed encapsulation on biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by ruminal microorganisms: feedlot performance, carcass quality, and tissue fatty acid composition. Journal of Animal Science, 93(9), 4368-4376. doi:10.2527/jas2015-9171The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of protecting PUFA within ground flaxseed against ruminal biohydrogenation by encapsulating them in a matrix consisting of a 1:1 blend of ground flaxseed and dolomitic lime hydrate (L-Flaxseed). Crossbreed heifers (n = 462, 346 +/- 19 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to pens. Pens were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatment 1 consisted of a combination of 54.6% steam-flaked corn (SFC), 30.0% wet corn gluten feed, 8.0% roughage, and supplement (0% flaxseed). In treatments 2 and 3, a proportion of SFC was replaced with 3 and 6% flaxseed, respectively; in treatments 4, 5, and 6, SFC was replaced with 2, 4, or 6% L-Flaxseed, respectively. Cattle were fed for 140 or 168 d and then harvested in a commercial abattoir where carcass data were collected. Approximately 24 h after harvest, carcasses were evaluated for 12th-rib fat thickness, KPH, LM area, marbling score, and USDA yield and quality grades. Samples of LM were also obtained for determination of long-chain fatty acid profiles. Cattle that were fed diets with 4 and 6% L-Flaxseed consumed less feed than other treatments (P 0.05). Supplementation with flaxseed increased (P 99%; increases for Flaxseed and L-Flaxseed of 0.095 and 0.140 mg of ALA/g of tissue for each percentage of flaxseed added). This study indicates that a matrix consisting of dolomitic lime hydrate is an effective barrier to ruminal biohydrogenation of PUFA; however, adverse effects on DMI limit the amounts that can be fed
Encapsulation of flaxseed in a dolomitic limematrix: effects on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of steers vs. heifers
We have investigated the potential for using hydrated lime to form protective matrices
with oil-rich feeds, such as flaxseed, to increase the incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids
into meat. Dolomitic lime is mixed with ground flaxseed, water is added, the mixture
is blended in a high-speed turbulizer, and the resulting material is then dried to form
a granular matrix. During the manufacturing process, a portion of the hydrated lime
becomes recarbonated. This recarbonated matrix is ruminally stable, which prevents
rumen microbes from converting polyunsaturated oils to saturated fats. Additional
recarbonation occurs in the rumen due to exposure to high concentrations of carbon
dioxide produced by rumen microbes, further stabilizing the matrix. The objective of
this study was to compare feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of heifers and
steers fed traditional finishing diets to those of cattle supplemented with encapsulated
blends of ground flaxseed and dolomitic lime hydrate
Utilization of omega-3 fatty acids is improved by embedding flaxseed in a matrix of dolomitic lime hydrate
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients for humans, but American diets are often
deficient in these important long-chain fats. Incorporating greater proportions of
omega-3 fatty acids into beef offers a means of increasing daily consumption of essential
fats, while also enhancing the perceived value of beef. In cattle, dietary polyunsaturated
fats are extensively hydrogenated into saturated fats by microbes in the rumen. This
effectively decreases the efficiency of transfer for fats from the animalâs diet into edible
beef tissues, because the bacteria convert more than 90% of the polyunsaturated fats
into saturated fats before they are absorbed into the animalâs blood stream. Preventing
this saturation process in the rumen would increase the proportion of dietary omega-3
fatty acids that are available for deposition into beef, thus making the production of
omega-3-enriched beef more cost-effective. We have devised a method for improving
the stability of fats in the rumen that effectively increases their resistance to the hydrogenating
actions of rumen microbes. Sources of polyunsaturated fats are combined with
dolomitic lime hydrate, water is added, and the mixture is blended at a high rate of rotation,
yielding a densified matrix with improved ruminal stability. Our objective in this
study was to evaluate feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and blood profiles of
long-chain fatty acids in cattle fed diets containing varying concentrations of ground
flaxseed or ground flaxseed embedded in the dolomitic lime matrix
The Early Treatment for Retinopathy Of Prematurity Study: structural findings at age 2â years
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether earlier treatment of highârisk, prethreshold retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) improves retinal structural outcome at 2â
years of age. METHODS: Infants with bilateral highârisk prethreshold ROP had one eye randomly assigned to treatment with peripheral retinal ablation. The fellow eye was managed conventionally, and either treated at threshold ROP or observed if threshold was never reached. In patients with asymmetrical disease, the highârisk, prethreshold eye was randomised to earlier treatment or to conventional management. At 2â
years of age, children were examined comprehensively by certified ophthalmologists to determine structural outcomes for their eyes. For the purposes of this study, an unfavourable structural outcome was defined as (1) a posterior retinal fold involving the macula, (2) a retinal detachment involving the macula or (3) retrolental tissue or âmassâ obscuring the view of the posterior pole. Results of the 2âyear examination were compared with those from the 9â
months examination. RESULTS: Data were available on 339 of 374 (90.6%) surviving children. Unfavourable structural outcomes were reduced from 15.4% in conventionally managed eyes to 9.1% in earlierâtreated eyes (pâ=â0.002) at 2â
years of age. Ophthalmic side effects (excluding retinal structure) from the ROP or its treatment were similar in the earlierâtreated eyes and the conventionally managed eyes. CONCLUSION: The benefit of earlier treatment of highârisk prethreshold ROP on retinal structure endures to 2â
years of age, and is not counterbalanced by any known side effect caused by earlier intervention. Earlier treatment improves the chance for longâterm favourable retinal structural outcome in eyes with highârisk prethreshold ROP. Longâterm followâup is planned to determine structural and functional outcomes at 6â
years of age