Fraude de proporções olímpicas: A genealogia da implantação de "trapaça" de Samaranch

The issue of doping has been a staple concern of the Olympic Movement since the 1950s. During that time, the notions of what doping was, and the social importance of it evolved over time. This study looks at the official news and opinion venue of the International Olympic Committee (The Olympic Review) to trace the genealogy of the concepts of doping and cheating over time to see how historical and social contingencies have affected the 'drug-free Olympics' discourse. References 1 Plutarch. Lysander [internet]. The Internet Classics Archive [cited 2012 May 5]. Available from http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lysander.html. 2 Morris H. Persons and punishment. The Monist. 1968; 52(4): 475-501. 3 Green S. Cheating. Law & Philosophy. 2004; 23(2): 137-185. 4 Wertz SK. The varieties of cheating. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 1981; 8: 19-40. 5 Coe S. On behalf of the athletes: speech by Sebastian Coe [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 616-617. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 6 Moorcroft D. Doping: the athletes view. Dilemmas and choices [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1985; 216: 634-636. Available from https://bit.ly/30xmqh4 7 Thiam AL Sports medicine for creating the athlete of tomorrow [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1980; 150: 170-174. Available from https://bit.ly/363fHfS. 8 Dimeo P. A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876-1976. London, UK: Routledge; 2007. 9 Hartiala K. Hormones under medical control? [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 175: 263-264. Available from https://bit.ly/2tnOesc. 10 de Mondenard J-P. For or against doping and its control: true and false arguments [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 180: 583-586. Available from https://bit.ly/2RaR10W. 11 Roberts R, Olson J. Winning is the only thing: Sports in America since 1945. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1989. 12 Samaranch JA. Closing speech by the president of the IOC Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 620-623. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 13 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch (86th IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 186: 193-195.  https://bit.ly/38qcdpr. 14 Samaranch JA. Regional Games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 192: 667.  Available from https://bit.ly/2toW1Ga. 15 Mazankowski D. Mobilization against doping (93rd IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 245: 80-81. Available from https://bit.ly/36ckdZn. 16 Kirkwood K. A modest proposal: The ethics of supervised doping at the Olympics. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Publishing; 2009. 17 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the IOC [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 254: 669-671. Available from https://bit.ly/2R8DzdO 18 Clare M. Juan Antonio Samaranch: Total commitment [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989: 263-264: 452-453. Available from https://bit.ly/2TCRaf2. 19 Samaranch JA. We believe in the future of the games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1984; 205: 872. Available from https://bit.ly/2RJt2VJ 20 Merode A. The fight against doping: Ongoing evolution [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989; 262: 383-384. Available from https://bit.ly/2TEUdmU.El tema del dopaje ha sido una preocupación básica del Movimiento Olímpico desde la década de 1950. Durante este período, las nociones sobre lo que fue el dopaje y su importancia social han evolucionado con el tiempo. Este estudio analiza el sitio oficial de noticias y opiniones del Comité Olímpico Internacional (The Olympic Review) para rastrear la genealogía de los conceptos de dopaje y trampa en el tiempo para ver cómo las contingencias históricas y sociales han afectado el discurso de los ‘Juegos Olímpicos libres de drogas’. Referencias 1 Plutarch. Lysander [internet]. The Internet Classics Archive [cited 2012 May 5]. Available from http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lysander.html. 2 Morris H. Persons and punishment. The Monist. 1968; 52(4): 475-501. 3 Green S. Cheating. Law & Philosophy. 2004; 23(2): 137-185. 4 Wertz SK. The varieties of cheating. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 1981; 8: 19-40. 5 Coe S. On behalf of the athletes: speech by Sebastian Coe [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 616-617. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 6 Moorcroft D. Doping: the athletes view. Dilemmas and choices [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1985; 216: 634-636. Available from https://bit.ly/30xmqh4 7 Thiam AL Sports medicine for creating the athlete of tomorrow [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1980; 150: 170-174. Available from https://bit.ly/363fHfS. 8 Dimeo P. A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876-1976. London, UK: Routledge; 2007. 9 Hartiala K. Hormones under medical control? [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 175: 263-264. Available from https://bit.ly/2tnOesc. 10 de Mondenard J-P. For or against doping and its control: true and false arguments [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 180: 583-586. Available from https://bit.ly/2RaR10W. 11 Roberts R, Olson J. Winning is the only thing: Sports in America since 1945. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1989. 12 Samaranch JA. Closing speech by the president of the IOC Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 620-623. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 13 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch (86th IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 186: 193-195.  https://bit.ly/38qcdpr. 14 Samaranch JA. Regional Games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 192: 667.  Available from https://bit.ly/2toW1Ga. 15 Mazankowski D. Mobilization against doping (93rd IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 245: 80-81. Available from https://bit.ly/36ckdZn. 16 Kirkwood K. A modest proposal: The ethics of supervised doping at the Olympics. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Publishing; 2009. 17 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the IOC [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 254: 669-671. Available from https://bit.ly/2R8DzdO 18 Clare M. Juan Antonio Samaranch: Total commitment [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989: 263-264: 452-453. Available from https://bit.ly/2TCRaf2. 19 Samaranch JA. We believe in the future of the games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1984; 205: 872. Available from https://bit.ly/2RJt2VJ 20 Merode A. The fight against doping: Ongoing evolution [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989; 262: 383-384. Available from https://bit.ly/2TEUdmU.A questão do doping tem sido uma preocupação básica do Movimento Olímpico desde os anos 50. Durante esse período, as noções sobre o que era o doping e a sua importância social evoluíram com o tempo. Este estudo analisa o local oficial de notícias e opiniões do Comitê Olímpico Internacional (The Olympic Review) para rastrear a genealogia dos conceitos de doping e trapaça ao longo do tempo para ver como as contingências históricas e sociais afetaram o discurso das ‘Olimpíadas sem drogas’. Referências 1 Plutarch. Lysander [internet]. The Internet Classics Archive [cited 2012 May 5]. Available from http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lysander.html. 2 Morris H. Persons and punishment. The Monist. 1968; 52(4): 475-501. 3 Green S. Cheating. Law & Philosophy. 2004; 23(2): 137-185. 4 Wertz SK. The varieties of cheating. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 1981; 8: 19-40. 5 Coe S. On behalf of the athletes: speech by Sebastian Coe [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 616-617. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 6 Moorcroft D. Doping: the athletes view. Dilemmas and choices [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1985; 216: 634-636. Available from https://bit.ly/30xmqh4 7 Thiam AL Sports medicine for creating the athlete of tomorrow [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1980; 150: 170-174. Available from https://bit.ly/363fHfS. 8 Dimeo P. A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876-1976. London, UK: Routledge; 2007. 9 Hartiala K. Hormones under medical control? [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 175: 263-264. Available from https://bit.ly/2tnOesc. 10 de Mondenard J-P. For or against doping and its control: true and false arguments [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 180: 583-586. Available from https://bit.ly/2RaR10W. 11 Roberts R, Olson J. Winning is the only thing: Sports in America since 1945. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1989. 12 Samaranch JA. Closing speech by the president of the IOC Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 620-623. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 13 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch (86th IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 186: 193-195.  https://bit.ly/38qcdpr. 14 Samaranch JA. Regional Games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 192: 667.  Available from https://bit.ly/2toW1Ga. 15 Mazankowski D. Mobilization against doping (93rd IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 245: 80-81. Available from https://bit.ly/36ckdZn. 16 Kirkwood K. A modest proposal: The ethics of supervised doping at the Olympics. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Publishing; 2009. 17 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the IOC [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 254: 669-671. Available from https://bit.ly/2R8DzdO 18 Clare M. Juan Antonio Samaranch: Total commitment [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989: 263-264: 452-453. Available from https://bit.ly/2TCRaf2. 19 Samaranch JA. We believe in the future of the games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1984; 205: 872. Available from https://bit.ly/2RJt2VJ 20 Merode A. The fight against doping: Ongoing evolution [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989; 262: 383-384. Available from https://bit.ly/2TEUdmU

Primary malignant melanoma of the stomach: report of a case

We report a case of primary malignant melanoma (MM) of the stomach. The patient, a 73-year-old man, was referred to our hospital for investigation of an elevated lesion in the stomach, detected by gastroscopy. On admission, physical examinations and laboratory data were unremarkable. Gastroscopy revealed a pigmented, elevated tumor, approximately 2 cm in diameter, in the posterior wall of the stomach. A biopsy was taken, which resulted in a diagnosis of MM, based on the presence of melanin in tumor cells. F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed no accumulation of tracer except for the tumor in the stomach, indicating that it was a primary MM of the stomach. The patient underwent distal gastrectomy, but died of recurrence 1 year later. Very few cases of primary MM of the stomach have been reported. Thus, we report this case, followed by a review of the literature

Regulation of skeletal muscle oxidative capacity and insulin signaling by the Mitochondrial Rhomboid Protease PARL

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and aging are characterized by insulin resistance and impaired mitochondrial energetics. In lower organisms, remodeling by the protease pcp1 (PARL ortholog) maintains the function and lifecycle of mitochondria. We examined whether variation in PARL protein content is associated with mitochondrial abnormalities and insulin resistance. PARL mRNA and mitochondrial mass were both reduced in elderly subjects and in subjects with T2DM. Muscle knockdown of PARL in mice resulted in malformed mitochondrial cristae, lower mitochondrial content, decreased PGC1&alpha; protein levels, and impaired insulin signaling. Suppression of PARL protein in healthy myotubes lowered mitochondrial mass and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and increased reactive oxygen species production. We propose that lower PARL expression may contribute to the mitochondrial abnormalities seen in aging and T2DM.<br /

Fraude de proporções olímpicas: A genealogia da implantação de "trapaça" de Samaranch

The issue of doping has been a staple concern of the Olympic Movement since the 1950s. During that time, the notions of what doping was, and the social importance of it evolved over time. This study looks at the official news and opinion venue of the International Olympic Committee (The Olympic Review) to trace the genealogy of the concepts of doping and cheating over time to see how historical and social contingencies have affected the 'drug-free Olympics' discourse. References 1 Plutarch. Lysander [internet]. The Internet Classics Archive [cited 2012 May 5]. Available from http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lysander.html. 2 Morris H. Persons and punishment. The Monist. 1968; 52(4): 475-501. 3 Green S. Cheating. Law &amp; Philosophy. 2004; 23(2): 137-185. 4 Wertz SK. The varieties of cheating. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 1981; 8: 19-40. 5 Coe S. On behalf of the athletes: speech by Sebastian Coe [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 616-617. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 6 Moorcroft D. Doping: the athletes view. Dilemmas and choices [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1985; 216: 634-636. Available from https://bit.ly/30xmqh4 7 Thiam AL Sports medicine for creating the athlete of tomorrow [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1980; 150: 170-174. Available from https://bit.ly/363fHfS. 8 Dimeo P. A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876-1976. London, UK: Routledge; 2007. 9 Hartiala K. Hormones under medical control? [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 175: 263-264. Available from https://bit.ly/2tnOesc. 10 de Mondenard J-P. For or against doping and its control: true and false arguments [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 180: 583-586. Available from https://bit.ly/2RaR10W. 11 Roberts R, Olson J. Winning is the only thing: Sports in America since 1945. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1989. 12 Samaranch JA. Closing speech by the president of the IOC Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 620-623. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 13 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch (86th IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 186: 193-195. &nbsp;https://bit.ly/38qcdpr. 14 Samaranch JA. Regional Games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 192: 667.&nbsp; Available from https://bit.ly/2toW1Ga. 15 Mazankowski D. Mobilization against doping (93rd IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 245: 80-81. Available from https://bit.ly/36ckdZn. 16 Kirkwood K. A modest proposal: The ethics of supervised doping at the Olympics. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Publishing; 2009. 17 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the IOC [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 254: 669-671. Available from https://bit.ly/2R8DzdO 18 Clare M. Juan Antonio Samaranch: Total commitment [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989: 263-264: 452-453. Available from https://bit.ly/2TCRaf2. 19 Samaranch JA. We believe in the future of the games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1984; 205: 872. Available from https://bit.ly/2RJt2VJ 20 Merode A. The fight against doping: Ongoing evolution [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989; 262: 383-384. Available from https://bit.ly/2TEUdmU.El tema del dopaje ha sido una preocupación básica del Movimiento Olímpico desde la década de 1950. Durante este período, las nociones sobre lo que fue el dopaje y su importancia social han evolucionado con el tiempo. Este estudio analiza el sitio oficial de noticias y opiniones del Comité Olímpico Internacional (The Olympic Review) para rastrear la genealogía de los conceptos de dopaje y trampa en el tiempo para ver cómo las contingencias históricas y sociales han afectado el discurso de los ‘Juegos Olímpicos libres de drogas’. Referencias 1 Plutarch. Lysander [internet]. The Internet Classics Archive [cited 2012 May 5]. Available from http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lysander.html. 2 Morris H. Persons and punishment. The Monist. 1968; 52(4): 475-501. 3 Green S. Cheating. Law &amp; Philosophy. 2004; 23(2): 137-185. 4 Wertz SK. The varieties of cheating. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 1981; 8: 19-40. 5 Coe S. On behalf of the athletes: speech by Sebastian Coe [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 616-617. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 6 Moorcroft D. Doping: the athletes view. Dilemmas and choices [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1985; 216: 634-636. Available from https://bit.ly/30xmqh4 7 Thiam AL Sports medicine for creating the athlete of tomorrow [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1980; 150: 170-174. Available from https://bit.ly/363fHfS. 8 Dimeo P. A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876-1976. London, UK: Routledge; 2007. 9 Hartiala K. Hormones under medical control? [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 175: 263-264. Available from https://bit.ly/2tnOesc. 10 de Mondenard J-P. For or against doping and its control: true and false arguments [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 180: 583-586. Available from https://bit.ly/2RaR10W. 11 Roberts R, Olson J. Winning is the only thing: Sports in America since 1945. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1989. 12 Samaranch JA. Closing speech by the president of the IOC Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 620-623. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 13 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch (86th IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 186: 193-195. &nbsp;https://bit.ly/38qcdpr. 14 Samaranch JA. Regional Games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 192: 667.&nbsp; Available from https://bit.ly/2toW1Ga. 15 Mazankowski D. Mobilization against doping (93rd IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 245: 80-81. Available from https://bit.ly/36ckdZn. 16 Kirkwood K. A modest proposal: The ethics of supervised doping at the Olympics. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Publishing; 2009. 17 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the IOC [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 254: 669-671. Available from https://bit.ly/2R8DzdO 18 Clare M. Juan Antonio Samaranch: Total commitment [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989: 263-264: 452-453. Available from https://bit.ly/2TCRaf2. 19 Samaranch JA. We believe in the future of the games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1984; 205: 872. Available from https://bit.ly/2RJt2VJ 20 Merode A. The fight against doping: Ongoing evolution [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989; 262: 383-384. Available from https://bit.ly/2TEUdmU.A questão do doping tem sido uma preocupação básica do Movimento Olímpico desde os anos 50. Durante esse período, as noções sobre o que era o doping e a sua importância social evoluíram com o tempo. Este estudo analisa o local oficial de notícias e opiniões do Comitê Olímpico Internacional (The Olympic Review) para rastrear a genealogia dos conceitos de doping e trapaça ao longo do tempo para ver como as contingências históricas e sociais afetaram o discurso das ‘Olimpíadas sem drogas’. Referências 1 Plutarch. Lysander [internet]. The Internet Classics Archive [cited 2012 May 5]. Available from http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/lysander.html. 2 Morris H. Persons and punishment. The Monist. 1968; 52(4): 475-501. 3 Green S. Cheating. Law &amp; Philosophy. 2004; 23(2): 137-185. 4 Wertz SK. The varieties of cheating. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 1981; 8: 19-40. 5 Coe S. On behalf of the athletes: speech by Sebastian Coe [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 616-617. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 6 Moorcroft D. Doping: the athletes view. Dilemmas and choices [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1985; 216: 634-636. Available from https://bit.ly/30xmqh4 7 Thiam AL Sports medicine for creating the athlete of tomorrow [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1980; 150: 170-174. Available from https://bit.ly/363fHfS. 8 Dimeo P. A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876-1976. London, UK: Routledge; 2007. 9 Hartiala K. Hormones under medical control? [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 175: 263-264. Available from https://bit.ly/2tnOesc. 10 de Mondenard J-P. For or against doping and its control: true and false arguments [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1982; 180: 583-586. Available from https://bit.ly/2RaR10W. 11 Roberts R, Olson J. Winning is the only thing: Sports in America since 1945. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1989. 12 Samaranch JA. Closing speech by the president of the IOC Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1981; 169: 620-623. Available from https://bit.ly/366FSlR. 13 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Mr. Juan Antonio Samaranch (86th IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 186: 193-195. &nbsp;https://bit.ly/38qcdpr. 14 Samaranch JA. Regional Games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1983; 192: 667.&nbsp; Available from https://bit.ly/2toW1Ga. 15 Mazankowski D. Mobilization against doping (93rd IOC Session) [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 245: 80-81. Available from https://bit.ly/36ckdZn. 16 Kirkwood K. A modest proposal: The ethics of supervised doping at the Olympics. Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Publishing; 2009. 17 Samaranch JA. Speech by HE Juan Antonio Samaranch, president of the IOC [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1988; 254: 669-671. Available from https://bit.ly/2R8DzdO 18 Clare M. Juan Antonio Samaranch: Total commitment [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989: 263-264: 452-453. Available from https://bit.ly/2TCRaf2. 19 Samaranch JA. We believe in the future of the games [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1984; 205: 872. Available from https://bit.ly/2RJt2VJ 20 Merode A. The fight against doping: Ongoing evolution [cited 2020 Jan 19]. Olympic Review. 1989; 262: 383-384. Available from https://bit.ly/2TEUdmU

The Geographic Scope of Opiate Substitution Therapy in an Urban Area in Canada

Opiate substitution therapy (OST) is an interdisciplinary treatment method for individuals experiencing opiate addictions. Municipalities internationally are working through a process of responding to both the need for OST clinics and community concerns around these clinics. The purpose of this quantitative descriptive study was to better understand the geographic spread of those currently accessing OST in an urban area in Canada. This will serve to assist related policy-making. Postal codes of 796 individuals accessing OST were obtained from one clinic and one dispensing pharmacy. Representing 581 unique data points, these were mapped across the 26 residential neighbourhoods in the city of study. Individuals accessing OST were located within an 11 km radius of the clinic and pharmacy. Situated in every neighbourhood in this radius, individuals accessing OST were in 24 of the 26 possible residential neighbourhoods. Ultimately, data support the hypothesis that individuals accessing OST are located in all residential neighbourhoods in the urban area of study. This supports current literature indicating that addiction exists throughout all urban areas rather than being limited to only certain neighbourhoods. This has implications for zoning of OST clinics and pharmacies, as municipalities must balance neighbourhood concerns while not overly restricting access throughout the municipality

Effectiveness of interventions on healthcare professionals’ understanding and use of conscience: a systematic review protocol

Introduction Conscience is central to moral decision making. In the context of morally pluralistic workplaces today, healthcare professionals’ conscience may prompt them to make moral decisions to refrain from providing services they morally disagree with. However, such decisions are largely viewed as contentious, giving rise to polarising arguments for and against healthcare professionals’ freedom of conscience. Yet, little work has been done to understand and support healthcare professionals’ conscience. Instead, the rising polarity related to healthcare professionals’ freedom of conscience stems from a central lack of understanding of what conscience is and the relevance it holds for healthcare professionals’ clinical practice. Therefore, the degree and extent to which healthcare professionals are supported to understand and use their conscience is unknown. The objective of this review is to critically analyse the scholarly evidence available to ascertain the effectiveness of interventions that support healthcare professionals to understand and use their conscience in care practice.Methods and analyses At least two reviewers will systematically review 10 interdisciplinary, scholarly databases to examine qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods studies including clinical trials pertaining to interventions related to conscience for healthcare professionals. Databases to be searched include: the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Academic Search Complete, ATLA Religion Database, Religion and Philosophy Collection, PhilPapers and Scopus. Databases were searched in May 2021. Study screening, selection, extraction and risk of bias assessments on each study using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool will be independently conducted by independent reviewers. Descriptive data synthesis will be carried out. Statistical analysis and meta-analysis will be conducted as relevant, based on homogeneity of findings. The quality of the aggregate evidence will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations criteria.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval is not required for this review. This protocol will not involve individual patient information endangering participant rights. The results will be reported in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated at conferences.PROSPERO registration number CRD42021256943