53 research outputs found
Olfactory conditioned ejaculatory preference in the male rat : implications for the role of learning in sexual partner preferences
The development, expression, and extinction of a novel conditioned sexual behavior, conditioned ejaculatory preference (CEP), were studied. Male rats allowed to copulate with sexually-receptive females bearing an artificial odor (almond or lemon) displayed a subsequent preference for a female bearing that odor over a female that did not. Males receiving explicitly-unpaired or randomly-paired training failed to display this preference, implicating classical conditioning mechanisms in the development of this behavior. Examination of the time course of the development of CEP found that it develops rapidly, demonstrating the importance of early sexual experience in the determination of sexual partner preferences. Extinction occurred during copulation tests with one scented and one unscented female. Further, the rate of extinction was faster following massed training than distributed training. Analysis of the components of copulation required to support the development of CEP revealed that ejaculation was necessary, but not sufficient to support CEP. Rather CEP development is critically dependent upon the presence of a scented female during the postejaculatory period. Finally, the nature of the conditioned response mediating CEP was shown to be a bias of copulatory responses toward the scented female near the point of ejaculation, not facilitated ejaculation per se . The present findings are interpreted in Pavlovian and incentive motivational models to provide a framework for understanding the role of learning in sexual partner preference
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Strain differences in maternal neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress and the relation to offspring cocaine responsiveness
Early life stress exposure, including prenatal stress (PNS), influences subsequent risk for many disorders, including substance abuse, and these effects interact with genetic factors to determine risk for disease. We previously demonstrated gene X environmental interactions across the BXD recombinant inbred mouse strain panel and their progenitor strains in PNS modulation of cocaine-induced reward and locomotion. Critical to dissecting genetic interactions with PNS is consideration of the modes of stress transmission to the offspring. Both maternal neuroendocrine responses during stress and subsequent maternal-offspring interactions following stress may serve as transmission modes for PNS-induced changes in cocaine responsiveness. Therefore, we characterized the maternal stress response by measuring restraint stress-induced plasma corticosterone (CORT) during gestation as well as effects of restraint stress on dam-pup contact in the first 10 postnatal days in BXD and progenitor mouse strains. Restraint stress interacted with strain to affect plasma CORT levels and dam-pup contact, indicating heritable variation of the maternal stress response. Furthermore, strain-level variance in maternal stress response correlated to the impact on cocaine response exhibited by adult offspring. These findings implicate multiple modes of maternal stress response in alterations of offspring drug responsiveness and indicate that assessment of maternal endocrine and behavioral responses during early life can be utilized to dissect the complex intersection of maternal factors, the response of the offspring and genetics
Codeposition Enhances the Performance of Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors
Electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors, a minimally
invasive
means of performing high-frequency, real-time measurement of drugs
and biomarkers in situ in the body, have traditionally been fabricated
by depositing their target-recognizing aptamer onto an interrogating
gold electrode using a “sequential” two-step method
involving deposition of the thiol-modified oligonucleotide (typically
for 1 h) followed by incubation in mercaptohexanol solution (typically
overnight) to complete the formation of a stable, self-assembled monolayer.
Here we use EAB sensors targeting vancomycin, tryptophan, and phenylalanine
to show that “codeposition”, a less commonly employed
EAB fabrication method in which the thiol-modified aptamer and the
mercaptohexanol diluent are deposited on the electrode simultaneously
and for as little as 1 h, improves the signal gain (relative change
in signal upon the addition of high concentrations of the target)
of the vancomycin and tryptophan sensors without significantly reducing
their stability. In contrast, the gain of the phenylalanine sensor
is effectively identical irrespective of the fabrication approach
employed. This sensor, however, appears to employ binding-induced
displacement of the redox reporter rather than binding-induced folding
as its signal transduction mechanism, suggesting in turn a mechanism
for the improvement observed for the other two sensors. Codeposition
thus not only provides a more convenient means of fabricating EAB
sensors but also can improve their performance
Epigenetic mechanisms mediating vulnerability and resilience to psychiatric disorders
The impact that stressful encounters have upon long-lasting behavioural phenotypes is varied. Whereas a significant proportion of the population will develop "stress-related" conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder or depression in later life, the majority are considered "resilient" and are able to cope with stress and avoid such psychopathologies. The reason for this heterogeneity is undoubtedly multi-factorial, involving a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Both genes and environment are of critical importance when it comes to developmental processes, and it appears that subtle differences in either of these may be responsible for altering developmental trajectories that confer vulnerability or resilience. At the molecular level, developmental processes are regulated by epigenetic mechanisms, with recent clinical and pre-clinical data obtained by ourselves and others suggesting that epigenetic differences in various regions of the brain are associated with a range of psychiatric disorders, including many that are stress-related. Here we provide an overview of how these epigenetic differences, and hence susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, might arise through exposure to stress-related factors during critical periods of development
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Methamphetamine-alcohol interactions in murine models of sequential and simultaneous oral drug-taking
BackgroundA high degree of co-morbidity exists between methamphetamine (MA) addiction and alcohol use disorders and both sequential and simultaneous MA-alcohol mixing increases risk for co-abuse. As little preclinical work has focused on the biobehavioral interactions between MA and alcohol within the context of drug-taking behavior, we employed simple murine models of voluntary oral drug consumption to examine how prior histories of either MA- or alcohol-taking influence the intake of the other drug.MethodsIn one study, mice with a 10-day history of binge alcohol-drinking [5,10, 20 and 40% (v/v); 2h/day] were trained to self-administer oral MA in an operant-conditioning paradigm (10-40mg/L). In a second study, mice with a 10-day history of limited-access oral MA-drinking (5, 10, 20 and 40mg/L; 2h/day) were presented with alcohol (5-40% v/v; 2h/day) and then a choice between solutions of 20% alcohol, 10mg/L MA or their mix.ResultsUnder operant-conditioning procedures, alcohol-drinking mice exhibited less MA reinforcement overall, than water controls. However, when drug availability was not behaviorally-contingent, alcohol-drinking mice consumed more MA and exhibited greater preference for the 10mg/L MA solution than drug-naïve and combination drug-experienced mice. Conversely, prior MA-drinking history increased alcohol intake across a range of alcohol concentrations.DiscussionThese exploratory studies indicate the feasibility of employing procedurally simple murine models of sequential and simultaneous oral MA-alcohol mixing of relevance to advancing our biobehavioral understanding of MA-alcohol co-abuse
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Contributions of prolonged contingent and non-contingent cocaine exposure to escalation of cocaine intake and glutamatergic gene expression
Similar to the pattern observed in people with substance abuse disorders, laboratory animals will exhibit escalation of cocaine intake when the drug is available over prolonged periods of time. Here, we investigated the contribution of behavioral contingency of cocaine administration on escalation of cocaine intake and gene expression in the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) in adult male rats. Rats were allowed to self-administer intravenous cocaine (0.25 mg/infusion) under either limited cocaine-(1 h/day), prolonged cocaine-(6 h/day), or limited cocaine-(1 h/day) plus yoked cocaine-access (5 h/day); a control group received access to saline (1 h/day). One day after the final self-administration session, the rats were euthanized and the dmPFC was removed for quantification of mRNA expression of critical glutamatergic signaling genes, Homer2, Grin1, and Dlg4, as these genes and brain region have been previously implicated in addiction, learning, and memory. All groups with cocaine-access showed escalated cocaine intake during the first 10 min of each daily session, and within the first 1 h of cocaine administration. Additionally, the limited-access + yoked group exhibited more non-reinforced lever responses during self-administration sessions than the other groups tested. Lastly, Homer2, Grin1, and Dlg4 mRNA were impacted by both duration and mode of cocaine exposure. Only prolonged-access rats exhibited increases in mRNA expression for Homer2, Grin1, and Dlg4 mRNA. Taken together, these findings indicate that both contingent and non-contingent "excessive" cocaine exposure supports escalation behavior, but the behavioral contingency of cocaine-access has distinct effects on the patterning of operant responsiveness and changes in mRNA expression
Real-time measurement of small molecules directly in awake, ambulatory animals
The development of a technology capable of tracking the levels of drugs, metabolites, and biomarkers in the body continuously and in real time would advance our understanding of health and our ability to detect and treat disease. It would, for example, enable therapies guided by high-resolution, patient-specific pharmacokinetics (including feedback-controlled drug delivery), opening new dimensions in personalized medicine. In response, we demonstrate here the ability of electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors to support continuous, real-time, multihour measurements when emplaced directly in the circulatory systems of living animals. Specifically, we have used E-AB sensors to perform the multihour, real-time measurement of four drugs in the bloodstream of even awake, ambulatory rats, achieving precise molecular measurements at clinically relevant detection limits and high (3 s) temporal resolution, attributes suggesting that the approach could provide an important window into the study of physiology and pharmacokinetics
A Protein-Based Biosensor for Detecting Calcium by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Calcium-responsive contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offer a promising approach for noninvasive brain-wide monitoring of neural activity at any arbitrary depth. Current examples of MRI-based calcium probes involve synthetic molecules and nanoparticles, which cannot be used to examine calcium signaling in a genetically encoded form. Here, we describe a new MRI sensor for calcium, based entirely on a naturally occurring calcium-binding protein known as calprotectin. Calcium-binding causes calprotectin to sequester manganese ions, thereby limiting Mn2+ enhanced paramagnetic relaxation of nearby water molecules. We demonstrate that this mechanism allows calprotectin to alter T1 and T2 based MRI signals in response to biologically relevant calcium concentrations. The resulting response amplitude, i.e., change in relaxation time, is comparable to existing MRI-based calcium sensors as well as other reported protein-based MRI sensors. As a preliminary demonstration of its biological applicability, we used calprotectin to detect calcium in a lysed hippocampal cell preparation as well as in intact Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with a calcium ionophore. Calprotectin thus represents a promising path toward noninvasive imaging of calcium signaling by combining the molecular and cellular specificity of genetically encodable tools with the ability of MRI to image through scattering tissue of any size and depth
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