Beetles (Coleoptera) in cones of cycads (Cycadales) of the northern hemisphere: diversity and evolution

Three groups of beetles inhabit cones of cycads (Cycadales) in the northern hemisphere and are believed to be involved in their pollination. The primitive weevil subtribe Allocorynina (Coleoptera: Belidae) is restricted to the New World cycad genera Dioon Lindl. and Zamia L. One group of weevils (Curculionidae), found only in Cycas L., appears to be a relatively recent colonizer of northern hemisphere cycads. Members of the beetle subfamily Pharaxonothinae (Erotylidae) occur in all Asian and New World cycad genera. Phylogenetic trees of these beetles, based on DNA analysis and supported with morphological studies, are compared to patterns of continental drift and cycad phylogenies. Laurasian origins are suggested for these beetle groups with high latitude dispersal for at least one of these groups during periods of global warm climates

Cephalotaxus Sieb. & Zucc. ex Endlicher 1842

Key to the species of Cephalotaxus 1. Leaves borne at 45º–110º to branchlet axis; leaf 1–16 cm long; seed cone peduncle 2–12 mm long; seeds 1.8–2.8 cm long........................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 - Leaves borne at 30º–45º to branchlet axis; leaf 4–9 cm long; seed cone peduncle 1.5–2 cm long; seeds 3.5–4.5 cm long............................................................................................................................................................................................................ C. griffithii 2. Bark yellow, reddish grey to greyish brown.......................................................................................................................................3 - Bark light brown to reddish brown or dark reddish brown................................................................................................................4 3. Bark yellow to greyish brown; leaf apex obtuse, shortly cuspidate; base cordate-truncate.................................................. C. oliveri - Bark reddish grey to greyish brown; leaf apex acuminate or slightly acute or abruptly mucronate; base cuneate or rounded cuneate................................................................................................................................................................................................5 4. Bark thin, exfoliating in small or large flakes and strips, light brown to reddish brown...................................................................6 - Bark thin, exfoliating in strips, reddish brown...................................................................................................................................7 5. Leaf apex acuminate or slightly acute; male cones ca. 3 mm in dia........................................................................... C. harringtonii - Leaf apex abruptly mucronate; male cones ca. 6 mm in dia................................................................................................... C. nana 6. Leaves borne at 70º–90º to branchlet axis, linear or slightly falcate arranged in to two rows, cuspidate apex................... C. mannii - Leaves borne at 45–80° to branchlet axis, linear and abruptly narrowing to a mucronate apex.................................. C. hainanensis 7. Leaves 3.5–5 mm wide; pollen cone pedunculate, 3–7 mm long peduncles; arils have numerous indistinct striations.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. C. fortunei - Leaves 1.5–3.2 mm wide; pollen cone sessile or subsessile, peduncle 0–2 mm long; arils have longitudinal ridges........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ C. alpinaPublished as part of Bisht, Sunita, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh & Singh, Rita, 2021, Revisiting the taxonomy of the names Cephalotaxus mannii and C. griffithii (Taxaceae), pp. 189-194 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on pages 192-193, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/542469

Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook.

Cephalotaxus griffithii Hook. f. (1888: 648) (Fig. 2B) Lectotype (designated by Lang et al., 2013): INDIA. Assam: Mishmi Hill, 1863–1864, W. Griffith 5000 (K000287674, digital image!) isolectotypes GH00003306, B100296990, P00731286, digital images!). Cephalotaxus lanceolata K.M.Feng in Cheng et al. (1975: 86), nom. illeg. non hort. ex Beissner (1901: 73–74 & 117). Cephalotaxus fortunei var. lanceolata (K.M.Feng) Silba (1990: 27). Type: CHINA. Yunnan: Gongshan Dulong County, Dulongjiang Township, elev. 1900 m, 18 June 1959, G. M . Feng 24347 (PE!). Distribution:— India (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Mizoram), China, Myanmar.Published as part of Bisht, Sunita, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh & Singh, Rita, 2021, Revisiting the taxonomy of the names Cephalotaxus mannii and C. griffithii (Taxaceae), pp. 189-194 in Phytotaxa 501 (1) on page 192, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.501.1.10, http://zenodo.org/record/542469

Dendrobium kentrophyllum\ua0(Orchidaceae) – a new record for the orchid flora of Manipur, India

Volume: 16Start Page: 273End Page: 27

Checklist of invasive alien species in CSIR-NBRI Botanic Garden, Lucknow, India

The invasive alien species of CSIR-NBRI Botanic Garden are enumerated and their impact on the surrounding ecosystem are discussed. This study deals with the information on habit, nativity and family of plant species occurring in the area of study. A total of 103 invasive alien species under 86 genera and 36 families were recorded. Among these, the eudicotyledons represent 85 species, 69 genera and 32 families; monocotyledons represent 18 species, 17 genera and 4 families. In terms of nativity, species from Tropical America are the most dominant group with 34 species. In addition, based on life forms, herbs are dominant (88 species), followed by shrubs (8 species), climbers (4 species) and trees (3 species)

Cycadophila (Cycadophila) abyssa Skelley, Xu & Tang, new species

<i>Cycadophila</i> (<i>Cycadophila</i>) <i>abyssa</i> Skelley, Xu & Tang, new species <p>Figs. 6 A–E</p> <p> <b>Adult diagnosis.</b> A member of <i>Cycadophila</i> (<i>Cycadophila</i>) nigra species group as discussed above readily distinguished from all others by its large body size, large deep submental-gular pit, and transverse pronotum.</p> <p> <b>Adult description.</b> Length 4.67–6.95 mm, width 1.73–2.50 mm. Body in dorsal view elongate, sides gradually arched, almost parallel-sided, greatest width at middle of elytra; in lateral view convex dorsally. General body color entirely dark reddish-brown, appendages and lateral margins lighter; dorsal surface distinctly punctate, surface appearing slightly shiny, dorsal punctation with short procumbent hairs barely protruding out of punctures, ventrally mostly covered with short procumbent setae.</p> <p> <i>Head</i> in dorsal view conical, gradually narrowed apically, surface convex, appearing swollen above eye, distinctly coarsely punctured; width 1.00– 1.27 mm; dorsal interocular distance 0.62–0.80 mm, head width/dorsal interocular distance ratio 1.60–1.62, ventral interocular distance 0.52–0.64 mm, head width/ventral interocular distance ratio 1.91–2.00. Eye globular; bordered dorsally by swollen head, so that dorsal margin of eye with deep groove, supraocular stria less than half length as eye but coarsely punctured; projected laterally, with large black facets and short, inconspicuous interfacetal setae. Frons with short, dark, subcuticular suture on each side, approximately 1/4 width of frons in length, extending obliquely to lateral margin above and anterior to antennal insertion. Antennal length about 3/4 pronotal width, and slightly longer than head width, antennomere relative lengths from base to end approximately 17:11:12:10:10:10:10:10:14:14:17; antennomere I (scape) fairly large, slightly elongate, antennomere II slightly shorter than III; IV–VIII small, width equals length; club fairly large, IX– XI similar in length, XI globular. Clypeus rounded apically, anterior margin with long setae; densely punctate; somewhat emarginate, with narrow margin. Maxillary palpomeres II, III slightly longer than wide; IV elongate, apex densely papillate; relative lengths of II–IV approximately 4:2:6. Labium with mentum pentagonal with carina forming triangular plate projecting medially, with distinct lateral pockets; labial palpomere III elongate-oval. Mentum and submentum with moderate punctation and setation, setae short. Submentum with coarse punctures distinct, separated by glossy cuticle. Gular area smooth, without setae or punctation, except at suture with submentum where a deep circular depression surrounds a central area with setose punctures; gula with deep groove surrounding medial and posterior eye margins.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i> with pronotum transverse in dorsal view, with marginal beads on all sides; length/width ratio 0.73– 0.79, convex, nearly parallel-sided, vaguely narrowing anteriorly; anterior angles projecting, weakly angulate; lateral carinae gradually turning inward anteriorly and posteriorly, with thin bead, bead bearing row of setose punctures; posterior angles sharp, nearly 90°; posterior margin projecting medially; with narrow, short longitudinal furrow posterolaterally, beginning at pore on posterior margin, extending forward and ending abruptly, length of furrows relative to pronotal length 0.20–0.22. Prosternum with anterior margin slightly emarginate, finely denticulate with fringe of long, anteriorly directed setae; posterior prosternal process truncate, not turning inward at apex. Hypomeron with coarse punctures laterally, medially without longitudinal striations. Scutellar shield transverse, posterior margin roundly projected, pentagonal. Elytra elongate with sides gradually arched, convex; length/width 3.41–3.65, greatest width near midlength; with marginal bead basally, scutellary striole with 9–10 punctures; intervals of striae with distinct punctures. All elytral punctures bearing a single short seta; seta length just reaching outside of punctures. Punctation on meso- and metaventrite distinct. Metaventrite long, convex laterally, slightly impressed medially, metathoracic discrimen extending slightly over half metaventrite length; line behind mesocoxae with distinct, coarse punctures. Legs narrow, similar in length; femora compressed laterally; male with metafemur swollen basally, posterior margin curved; tibiae shorter than femora, weakly dilated to narrow apex. Protibia not dilated at apex, with fine setal fringe on ventral, lateral margin smooth without stout spinules; few small stout spinules at disto-lateral angle. Meso- and metatibia narrow, similar to protibia.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i> with 5 ventrites bearing fine punctures; anterior margin with intercoxal process narrow, with triangular point anteromedially, lateral edges slightly projected, lateral and posterior margins arcuate, converging posteriorly; anterior and posterior margins of ventrites more or less straight; ventrite I lacking subcoxal line, slightly longer medially than II; I–IV lacking pair of erect sensory hairs located on either side of the middle; II–IV subequal in length; V slightly longer than IV with lateral margins converging posteriorly to a rounded apex bearing row of short appressed, densely arranged setae.</p> <p> <i>Male genitalia</i> (tegmen and median lobe of aedeagus) twisted approximately 45° toward the left side of animal and resting on side (Fig. 6 E). Tegmen sclerotized, triangular, gently twisted; with anterior region ring-like, posterior region sheath-like, posterior margin slightly arcuate; lateral margins gradually converging posteriorly; dorsally with 2 large, elongate, somewhat spatula-shaped parameres. Parameres with long setae apically; length/ width ratio 2.00. Aedeagus with median lobe short, slender, highly sclerotized, apex long and acuminate. Ratio of median lobe length to penile strut length 2:9. <i>Female</i> similar to male except for narrow metafemur with evenly curved posterior edge</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> CHINA: Hong Kong Isl., Jardine’s Lookout.</p> <p> <b>Range.</b> China (Hong Kong, Hainan Prov.).</p> <p> <b>Material examined. Holotype</b> (by designation) male with the following labels: 1) [rectangular; white; printed in black ink] “ CHINA: Hong Kong Isl., Jardine’s Lookout, 6 April 2000, fruit trap, Leg. J. Mat;é” 2) [rectangular; red, printed in black ink] “ HOLOTYPE ♂ <i>Cycadophila abyssa</i> P. Skelley, G. Xu & W. Tang 2017 ”. Deposited in the FSCA. <b>Allotype</b> female and 7 <b>paratypes</b>: CHINA: Hong Kong Isl., Jardine’s Lookout, 6 April 2000, fruit trap, Leg. J. Maté (allotype, FSCA, 4); Hong Kong [on reverse] 48 29; [second label] 547 (1); <b>CHINA: Hainan</b>, ex cone Cycas hainanensis, V-2001, Ma Xaio Yan, 3-1-2, Photo Code XB-1 (1); CHINA: Hainan Prov., Wuzhishan City, Wushishan Mt.; 700–1000m, 15°54'N, 109°41'E, 18-IV-2012, YIN Ziwei (1). Paratypes deposited in BMNH, FSCA, NZAC, SNUC.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific epithet is derived from the Greek ‘ <i>abyssos’</i> meaning bottomless pit, used in reference to the pit at the submental-gular juncture.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> One paratype was collected on a cycad cone, indicating a possible cycad association. Wild <i>Cycas</i> populations in the section <i>Stangerioides</i> subsection <i>Taiwanianae</i> occur in the vicinity of all type localities of this species, including <i>C. fairylakea</i> in Shenzhen at the border with Hong Kong and <i>C. hainaensis</i> on Hainan Island. Additional materials are needed to substantiate this relationship. See remarks under <i>C.</i> (<i>C.</i>) <i>cyclochasma</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4267 (1)</i> on pages 23-25, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/575641">10.5281/zenodo.575641</a&gt

Beetles (Coleoptera) in cones of cycads (Cycadales) of the northern hemisphere: diversity and evolution

Three groups of beetles inhabit cones of cycads (Cycadales) in the northern hemisphere and are believed to be involved in their pollination. The primitive weevil subtribe Allocorynina (Coleoptera: Belidae) is restricted to the New World cycad genera Dioon Lindl. and Zamia L. One group of weevils (Curculionidae), found only in Cycas L., appears to be a relatively recent colonizer of northern hemisphere cycads. Members of the beetle subfamily Pharaxonothinae (Erotylidae) occur in all Asian and New World cycad genera. Phylogenetic trees of these beetles, based on DNA analysis and supported with morphological studies, are compared to patterns of continental drift and cycad phylogenies. Laurasian origins are suggested for these beetle groups with high latitude dispersal for at least one of these groups during periods of global warm climates

Cycadophila (Strobilophila) hiepi Skelley, Xu & Tang, new species

<i>Cycadophila</i> (<i>Strobilophila</i>) <i>hiepi</i> Skelley, Xu & Tang, new species <p>Figs. 17 A–F</p> <p> <b>Adult diagnosis.</b> A member of <i>Cycadophila</i> (<i>Strobilophila</i>) as discussed above, readily distinguished from the other member of the subgenus by the distally dilated protibia bearing narrowly spaced teeth along the apical third of the lateral margin, the distinct furrow on each side of pronotal base with basal margin weakly angulate at base of furrow, elytral disc being mostly glabrous, and the female abdominal ventrite V with distinct concavity at apex (Fig. 17 D).</p> <p> <b>Adult description</b>. Length 5.25–6.40 mm; width 2.00– 2.40 mm. Body in dorsal view elongate, sides nearly straight, greatest width at middle of elytra; in lateral view convex dorsally. General body and appendage color solid reddish-brown; dorsal surface distinctly punctate, surface appearing slightly dulled, dorsally appearing glabrous, with short procumbent hairs associated with punctation behind eyes and along lateral sides and declivity of elytra, ventrally mostly covered with short procumbent setae.</p> <p> <i>Head</i> in dorsal view conical, gradually narrowed apically, surface flat to slightly convex, distinctly punctured; width 0.83–1.00 mm; dorsal interocular distance 0.50–0.62 mm, head width/dorsal interocular distance ratio 1.61– 1.66, ventral interocular distance 0.33–0.40 mm, head width/ventral interocular distance ratio 2.50–2.52. Eye globular; bordered dorsally with supraocular stria; projected laterally, with large black facets and short, inconspicuous interfacetal setae. Frons with short, dark, subcuticular suture on each side, approximately 1/4 width of frons in length, extending obliquely to lateral margin above and anterior to antennal insertion. Antennal length about 3/4 pronotal width, and slightly longer than head width, antennomere relative lengths from base to end approximately 18:13:14:10:10:10:11:11:17:17:21; antennomere I (scape) fairly large, slightly elongate, antennomere II slightly smaller than III; IV–VIII small, width equals length; club fairly large, IX–XI similar in length, XI globular. Clypeus truncate anteriorly, anterior margin with long setae; densely punctate; somewhat emarginate, with narrow margin. Maxillary palpomeres II and III slightly longer than wide; IV elongate oval, apex densely papillate; relative lengths of II–IV approximately 3:3:6. Labium with mentum pentagonal with carina forming triangular plate projecting medially, lacking distinct lateral pockets; labial palpomere III elongate-oval. Mentum and submentum with moderate punctation and setation, setae short. Gular area smooth, without setae or punctation, except near suture with submentum where a shallow transversely elongate fovea is present bearing dense setose punctures, fovea dark brown.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i> with pronotum transverse in dorsal view, with marginal beads on all sides; length/width ratio 0.69– 0.72, convex, nearly parallel-sided; anterior angles rounded; lateral carina with thickened bead, bead bearing scattered setose punctures; posterior angle exteriorly angulate, indented at pore; posterior margin projecting medially, margin weakly angulate at base of discal furrow; with narrow, short longitudinal furrow posterolaterally, beginning at pore on posterior margin, extending forward and ending abruptly, length of furrows relative to pronotal length 0.21–0.27. Prosternum with anterior margin slightly emarginate, finely denticulate with fringe of long, anteriorly directed setae; posterior prosternal process round and convex. Hypomeron with coarse punctures laterally, medially with longitudinal striations. Scutellar shield transverse, posterior margin projected, pentagonal. Elytra elongate, nearly parallel sided, convex; length/width 3.33–3.63, greatest width near midlength; with marginal bead basally, scutellary striole with 10–13 punctures; intervals of striae with distinct punctures. All elytral punctures bearing a single short seta; seta barely emerging out of puncture. Punctation on meso- and metaventrite distinct. Metaventrite long, laterally convex, slightly impressed medially, metathoracic discrimen extending slightly over half metaventrite length. Legs stout, similar in length; femora compressed laterally; tibiae shorter than femora, dilated to wide apex. Protibia triangularly dilated at apex, apex and apical 1/3 of lateral margin with stout spinules, marginal spinules separated by less than length. Meso- and metatibia less triangularly dilated.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i> with 5 ventrites bearing fine punctures; anterior margin with intercoxal process narrow, with triangular point anteromedially, lateral edges slightly projected, lateral and posterior margins arcuate, converging posteriorly; anterior and posterior margins of ventrites more or less straight; ventrite I lacking subcoxal line, slightly longer medially than II; I–IV each with pair short hairs located adjacent to midline (often abraded); II–IV subequal in length; V slightly longer than IV with lateral margins converging posteriorly to a rounded apex (male) or apical concavity (female), apex bearing row of short appressed, densely arranged setae.</p> <p> <i>Male genitalia</i> (tegmen and median lobe of aedeagus) twisted approximately 45° toward the left side of animal and resting on side. Tegmen sclerotized, triangular, gently twisted; with anterior region ring-like, posterior region sheath-like, posterior margin slightly arcuate; lateral margins gradually converging posteriorly; dorsally with 2 large, elongate, somewhat coniform parameres. Parameres with long setae apically; length/width ratio 1:2.2. Aedeagus with median lobe short, slender, highly sclerotized, apex long and acuminate. Ratio of median lobe length to penile strut length 2:7. Extruded endophallus similar to that of <i>C.</i> (<i>S.</i>) <i>tansachai</i> (see Figs. 19 H–I), except with a cluster of spicules located beneath the basal hemisphere and spicules scattered along the central tubular portion. <i>Female</i> similar to male; with apical concavity on last abdominal ventrite.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Vietnam: Khanh Hao, Tan Lap village.</p> <p> <b>Range</b>. Vietnam (Binh Thuan, Khanh Hao).</p> <p> <b>Material examined. Holotype</b> (by designation) female with the following labels: 1) [rectangular; white; printed in black ink] “ VIETNAM: Khanh Hao, Tan Lap vill., 140m, 11°58′27″N, 108°03′47″E, ex ♂ cone Cycas elongata, 5-VIII-2002, W. Tang & H.T.Nguyen ”; 2) [rectangular; red; printed in black ink] “ HOLOTYPE ♀ <i>Cycadophila hiepi</i> P. Skelley, G. Xu & W. Tang 2 0 1 7”. Deposited in the FSCA. <b>Allotype</b> and 69 <b>paratypes</b>: <b>VIETNAM:</b> [<b>Binh Thuan</b>] 2 km S. of Ca Na, 11°20'N, 108°51'E, 23 Feb. 1995, S.- L. Yang, ex ♂ strobilus of <i>Cycas pachypoda</i> in dry rocky open forest near sea, SYL 736(1); <b>Khanh Hao</b>, Tan Lap vill., 140m, 11°58'27″N, 108°03'47″E, ex ♂ cone Cycas elongata, 5-VIII-2002, W. Tang & H.T. Nguyen (Allotype, FSCA, 54); 15 km N of Nha Trang, 12°18'N, 109°11'E, 66m, 20 Feb. 1995, S.-L. Yang, ex ♀ strobilus of <i>Cycas elongata</i> on limestone hills, SYL 721 (9); SYL 722 (3); SYL 723 (2). Paratypes deposited at ANIC, FSCA.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> In honor of Mr. Hiep Tien Nguyen, of the Center for Plant Conservation in Vietnam, for his assistance in the field and as co-collector of type specimens of this species.</p> <p> <b>Remarks</b>. Unlike most other species we describe, <i>C. hiepi</i> has a female for a holotype because the female dimorphism is distinctive and unique. This species appears to be restricted to southern coastal Vietnam in <i>Cycas elongata</i> and <i>C. pachypoda</i>. Without locality data, the males are difficult to distinguish from <i>C. tansachai</i>, which occurs on <i>Cycas clivicola lutea</i>, <i>C. elephantipes, C. pectinata</i> and <i>C. tansachana</i> in Thailand. Some of these hosts also range into India, Myanmar, Cambodia and southernmost Vietnam.</p>Published as part of <i>Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4267 (1)</i> on pages 50-53, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/575641">10.5281/zenodo.575641</a&gt

Cycadophila (Cycadophila) vittata Arrow, new combination

<i>Cycadophila</i> (<i>Cycadophila</i>) <i>vittata</i> (Arrow), new combination <p>Figs. 12 A–F</p> <p> <i>Pharaxonotha vittata</i> Arrow 1925: 255, fig. 46; Schenkling 1928: 31; Mader 1939: 47; Chûjô 1964: 224; Chûjô 1967: 41.</p> <p> <b>Adult diagnosis.</b> A member of <i>Cycadophila</i> (<i>Cycadophila</i>) nigra species group as discussed above, distinguished from other species by the narrow protibia lacking stout setae apically, short supraocular stria, coarser pronotal punctation, and having a large elytral maculation.</p> <p> <b>Adult description.</b> (Based on holotype) Length 4.00 mm, width 1.50 mm. Body in dorsal view elongate, sides arcuate, greatest width at middle of elytra; in lateral view convex dorsally. General body and appendage color solid pale brown, elytra yellow-brown with dark maculation along suture from base near scutellum nearly to apex; dorsal surface distinctly punctate, surface shiny, dorsally appearing glabrous, with short procumbent hairs associated with punctation behind eyes and along lateral sides and declivity of elytra, ventrally mostly covered with short procumbent setae.</p> <p> <i>Head</i> in dorsal view conical, gradually narrowed apically, surface flat to slightly convex, distinctly punctured; head width/dorsal interocular distance ratio 1.59, head width/ventral interocular distance ratio 2.10. Eye globular; bordered dorsally with short supraocular stria at basal 1/3 of eye; projected laterally, with large black facets and short, inconspicuous interfacetal setae. Frons with short, dark, subcuticular suture on each side, approximately 1/4 width of frons in length, extending obliquely to lateral margin above and anterior to antennal insertion. Antennal length about 3/4 pronotal width, and slightly longer than head width, antennomere relative lengths from base to end approximately 18:12:13:10:10:10:10:10:15:15:20; antennomere I (scape) fairly large, slightly elongate, antennomere II slightly smaller than III; IV–VIII small, width equals length; club fairly large, IX–XI similar in length, XI globular. Clypeus truncate anteriorly, anterior margin with long setae; densely punctate; somewhat emarginate, with narrow margin. Maxillary palpomeres II, III slightly longer than wide; IV elongate oval, apex densely papillate; relative lengths of II–IV approximately 4:3:7. Labium with mentum pentagonal with carina forming triangular plate projecting medially, with distinct lateral pockets; labial palpomere III elongate-oval. Mentum and submentum with moderate punctation and setation, setae short. Gular area smooth, without setae or punctation, except near suture with submentum where a vague discolored depression is present marked by last set of submental punctures indicating remains of suture.</p> <p> <i>Thorax</i> with pronotum transverse in dorsal view, with marginal beads on all sides; length/width ratio 0.62, convex, sides arcuate; anterior angles rounded; lateral carina with thin marginal bead, bead bearing row of minutely setose punctures; posterior angle exteriorly angulate; posterior margin projecting medially; with narrow, short longitudinal furrow posterolaterally, beginning at pore on posterior margin, extending forward and ending abruptly, length of furrows relative to pronotal length 0.16. Prosternum with anterior margin slightly emarginate, finely denticulate with fringe of long, anteriorly directed setae; posterior prosternal process truncate and convex. Hypomeron with few punctures laterally, medially without longitudinal striations. Scutellar shield transverse, posterior margin rounded, somewhat pentagonal. Elytra elongate, evenly arcuate along sides, convex; length/width 3.30, greatest width near midlength; with marginal bead basally, scutellary striole with 10 punctures; intervals of striae with fine, distinct punctures. Punctation on meso- and metaventrite distinct. Metaventrite long, convex laterally, metathoracic discrimen extending slightly over half metaventrite length. Legs narrow, similar in length; procoxae oval; mesocoxae globular; metacoxae transversely elongate-oval; trochanters obliquely truncate apically; femora compressed laterally; tibiae shorter than femora, narrow at apex. Protibia narrow, weakly angled on lateral apex, apex fringed with small, hair-like spinules, lateral margin lacking spinules. Meso- and metatibia narrowed, obliquely angled at lateral apex. Male metatibia with slight rounded swelling on inner apical half.</p> <p> <i>Abdomen</i> with 5 ventrites bearing fine punctures; anterior margin with intercoxal process narrow, with triangular point anteromedially, lateral edges slightly projected, lateral and posterior margins arcuate, converging posteriorly; anterior and posterior margins of ventrites more or less straight; ventrite I lacking subcoxal line, slightly longer medially than II; I–IV apparently lacking erect sensory hairs located on either side of the middle; II– IV subequal in length; V slightly longer than IV with lateral margins converging posteriorly to a rounded apex.</p> <p> <i>Male genitalia</i> (tegmen and median lobe of aedeagus) twisted approximately 45° toward the left side of animal and resting on side. Tegmen sclerotized, triangular, gently twisted; with anterior region ring-like, posterior region sheath-like, posterior margin slightly arcuate; lateral margins gradually converging posteriorly; dorsally with 2 large, elongate, somewhat coniform parameres. Parameres short, with long setae apically; length/width ratio 2.00. Aedeagus with median lobe short, slender, highly sclerotized, apex long and acuminate. Ratio of median lobe length to penile strut length 1:5. <i>Female</i> unknown.</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Burma (now Myanmar).</p> <p> <b>Range.</b> Burma (now Myanmar).</p> <p> <b>Material examined. Holotype</b> male with the following labels (Fig. 12 F): 1) [rectangular; white; hand written in black ink] “ Maymyo VI,16 H. L. Andrewes ”; 2) [rectangular; white with yellow horizontal line; printed in black ink] “Maymyo, Burma, H. L. Andrewes ”; 3) [rectangular; white; printed in black ink] “ Andrewes Bequest B. M. 1922–221.”; 4) [white circle, ringed with red ink; printed in black] “ Type ”; 5) [rectangular; white; hand written in black ink] “ Pharaxonotha vittata, Arrow type ”. Deposited in the BMNH (examined).</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Arrow (1925) discussed the subtle central inter-marginal swelling on the hind tibia of the type specimen as a possible sexual dimorphism. This dimorphism and other characters distinguish it from other species. However, this tibial character is also found in <i>C. yunnanensis</i> which has vittate forms in China. <i>Cycadophila vittata</i> and <i>C. yunnanensis</i> may represent a single species with two color forms or a species complex. For now, we consider <i>C. vittata</i> and <i>C. yunnanensis</i> to be distinct and will pursue further research on their relationship when additional materials from Myanmar are available. Two species of <i>Cycas</i>, <i>C. pectinata</i> and <i>C. siamensis</i>, are currently known from Myanmar (Lindström, unpub. data).</p>Published as part of <i>Skelley, Paul, Xu, Guang, Tang, William, Lindström, Anders J., Marler, Thomas, Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh, Singh, Rita & Rich, Stephen, 2017, Review of Cycadophila Xu, Tang & Skelley (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Pharaxonothinae) inhabiting Cycas (Cycadaceae) in Asia, with descriptions of a new subgenus and thirteen new species, pp. 1-63 in Zootaxa 4267 (1)</i> on pages 38-40, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/575641">10.5281/zenodo.575641</a&gt