Knowledge Extraction from Survey Data using Neural Networks

Surveys are an important tool for researchers. Survey attributes are typically discrete data measured on a Likert scale. Collected responses from the survey contain an enormous amount of data. It is increasingly important to develop powerful means for clustering such data and knowledge extraction that could help in decision-making. The process of clustering becomes complex if the number of survey attributes is large. Another major issue in Likert-Scale data is the uniqueness of tuples. A large number of unique tuples may result in a large number of patterns and that may increase the complexity of the knowledge extraction process. Also, the outcome from the knowledge extraction process may not be satisfactory. The main focus of this research is to propose a method to solve the clustering problem of Likert-scale survey data and to propose an efficient knowledge extraction methodology that can work even if the number of unique patterns is large. The proposed method uses an unsupervised neural network for clustering, and an extended version of the conjunctive rule extraction algorithm has been proposed to extract knowledge in the form of rules. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, it is applied to two sets of Likert scale survey data, and results show that the proposed method produces rule sets that are comprehensive and concise without affecting the accuracy of the classifier

A Study of Effective Factors Over Routing Protocols for MANET

A network which does not require any fixed pre-existing infrastructure and can be defined as a set of mobile nodes is called MANET. In MANET mobile nodes are communicating through wireless medium. In MANET all mobile nodes behaves as router and when required they takes part in discovery and maintenance of the route to the other node. One of the major challenges in designing a routing protocol for the MANET is to determine a packet route; a node needs to know at least about its neighbors. On the other hand in MANET wireless networks conditions changes frequently with time due to the mobile nodes thus routing becomes a challenging task. To serve this purposes various proactive, reactive and hybrid routing protocols are developed by researchers. Among all AODV, DSR, DYMO and ZRP are well known popular routing protocols and have been standardized by the IETF MANET WG. ZRP is a well known hybrid routing protocol. To understand its suitability we must understand its behavior under various real time conditions. This paper study some propagation model and fading model and also describes two main characteristic of wireless channel path loss and fading. This paper also focuses on some other important factors that affect the performance of MANET. These important factors are battery model, Radio Model, Queue model and Mobility model. Thus, the goal is to carry out a systematic performance comparison of ad-hoc routing protocols under these factors in terms of QoS metrics such as average end-to-end delay, throughput and average jitter

Studies of solute-solvent interactions and miceller behaviour of complexes of copper (II) palmitate with substituted phenylthiourea and 2-amino benzothiazole in methanol-benzene mixture

In this work, synthesis of copper (II) surfactants followed by the complexation of each other with the molar ratio of 1:2 dissolving in ethanol have been reported. The purity of the resulting complexes of the general formula- CP(PTU )T , CP(BTA)T was checked by thin layer chromatography and characterized on the basis of elemental analysis. Their spectral studies are also included and data suggest that Cu (II) phenylthiourea mixed system binds through the donor ability of nitrogen to transition metal. The magnetic moment studies suggest the dimeric nature of the complexes. IR, NMR, ESR spectral details confirm that complexation has taken place successfully and dada suggest that the complexes possess elongated octahedral geometry. Density, Molar Volume, Apparent Molar Volume of these complexes was investigated in non-aqueous solvent at various concentrations by Springel Pyknometer to understand the nature, critical micelle concentration and micelle characteristics of the complexes. Overall, the CMC values were found to be decreased with increasing average molecular weight of soap complex. The solute - solute interactions were found to be greater before CMC whereas solute-solvent interactions were found greater after CMC

Attenuation of hypotension using phenylephrine during induction of anaesthesia with propofol

Objective: To observe if phenylephrine mixed with propofol can attenuate hypotensive effects of propofol during induction of anaesthesia. Methods: A total number of 135 adult ASA-I and ASA-II patients were divided into three groups. (Group A, B and C). All patients were induced with propofol 2.5 mg per kg. In Group A (control group) patients received propofol mixed with 2cc of 0.9% normal saline. Group B (study group) patients received propofol mixed with 2cc of a solution containing phenylephrine 25µg/cc (total 50µg); Group C (study group) patients received propofol mixed with 2cc of a solution containing phenylephrine 50µg/cc (total 100µg). Haemodynamic variables like systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were noted. Hypotension was defined as 20% decrease in baseline systolic blood pressure recorded before induction of anaesthesia. Results: Phenylephrine in a dose of 100 micrograms attenuated the drop in systolic blood pressure. However phenylephrine in a dose 50 micrograms did not effectively prevent anticipated drop in SBP. Conclusion: Phenylephrine in doses of 100 micrograms effectively attenuates anticipated hypotension upon induction of general anaesthesia with propofo

Novel Low Power and Low Transistor Count Flip-Flop Design with High Performance

The paper proposed a new design of static SET flip-flop for low power applications. In this work, comparative analysis of existing architecture for flip-flops along with the proposed design is made. The comparison is done on the basis of power and power delay product, transistor count is also included. Due to continuous increase in integration of transistors and growing needs of portable equipments, low power design is of prime importance. The proposed design has the best power and the second best PDP than the existing architectures. Proposed FF has the least transistor count hence reducing the manufacturing cost and area. All simulations are performed on TSpice using BSIM models in 130 nm process node. The simulation results show that for all supply voltages, proposed FF has the best power consumption, second best PDP and the lowest transistor count. So this design is best suited for low power and high performance portable applications. Keywords: Transmission Gate, Short circuit current, Edge Triggered, Optimizatio

A New Area and Power Efficient Single Edge Triggered Flip-Flop Structure for Low Data Activity and High Frequency Applications

In this work, a new area and power efficient single edge triggered flip-flop has been proposed. The proposed design is compared with six existing flip-flop designs. In the proposed design, the number of transistors is reduced to decrease the area. The number of clocked transistors of the devised flip-flop is also reduced to minimize the power consumption. As compared to the other state of the art single edge triggered flip-flop designs, the newly proposed design is the best energy efficient with the comparable power delay product (PDP) having an improvement of up to 61.53% in view of power consumption. The proposed flip-flop also has the lowest transistor count and the lowest area. The simulation results show that the proposed flip-flop is best suited for low power and low area systems especially for low data activity and high frequency applications. Keywords: PDP, reliability, delay, process node, clock frequenc

Relationship between decision making styles and consumer behavior

The objective of this study is to identify the different factors that impact on consumer behavior on the bases of decision making style. The sample size of this study was two hundred and fifty. Data was collected through five point Likert scale questionnaire. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Correlation and multiple regression was performed to measure the relationship between independent and dependent variables and independent sample t-test was applied to test difference between male and female decision making style. This study concludes that there is significant relationship between male and female decision making style and female respondents are more agreed that decision making styles influence the consumer behavior. All the independent variables have significant and positive relationship with consumer behavior

The Moderating Effect of Time Pressure on Packaging Elements and Consumer Buying Behavior: A case of Nestle Pakistan

The purpose of this study to measure whether three product packaging Elements Wrapper Design, Packaging Material and Printed Information Influences Consumer Buying Behavior or does Time Pressure shows a moderating relationship. This study determines the importance of these elements when they purchase Nestle products during short time period. In this research highlighted that companies cannot afford to ignore the importance of time constraints and packaging elements of the products on consumer Buying Behavior. The study was conduct in District Vehari, Punjab Pakistan. Data was collecting to the students of Higher Educational Institution in District Vehari. Structured Questionnaire was used that consist on five point Likert Scale. Multiple Regression Analysis, ANOVA, coefficient was used to test the variables