An Investigation of Physical Fitness Level of Yem Special Woreda Male Youth Football Project

The purpose of the study was to investigate the physical fitness of Yem Special Woreda male youth football project trainees. Two male youth football projects were selected from Yem Special Woreda youth football projects using purposive sampling technique and from both project 50 male players were selected as the subject for this study. Cross-sectional research design was used in order to collect data, quantitative research approach was employed in order to bring a quantitative data and the collected data was analyzed and interpreted by using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage.) The results of this study showed that the current physical fitness level of Yem Special Woreda male youth football project trainees is average and above in the Sergeant jump test and above average and excellent in sit and reach test. However, 300 yard shuttle test, 30 meter acceleration and Illinois agility run test those youth football project trainees were below average and poor level to comparing with the average values obtained with the reference values provided by the normative data. On the bases of the findings it was concluded that current physical fitness level of male youth football project players are mostly at average and above on strength and flexibility, and those players are below and poor on endurance, speed and agility tests when comparing with the values obtained with the reference values provided by the normative data. Keywords: Physical fitness, Youth, Agility, Acceleration, Traine

Vertical Fiscal Imbalance, Economic Growth and Decentralization

Irrespective of the degree of tax and expenditure decentralization, every federation and unitary state face the problem of Vertical Fiscal Imbalance (VFI). The transfer dependency of subnational governments led them to substitute central transfers over their own revenue effort and this is historically evident in Pakistan. The contribution of provincial own revenues to the provincial expenditures is not much decent, which led to higher magnitude of VFIs. This paper is an empirical investigation of VFI, and its determinants. Based on a strongly balanced panel data at provincial (subnational) level from 1971 to 2021, we studied the effect of economic growth, tax decentralization, expenditure decentralization, and Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution on VFIs. One of the key distinctions of this paper is modelling economic growth using per capita energy consumption which includes electricity, natural gas and set of petroleum products. Economic growth proxied through per capita energy consumption has negative association with VFI which means a corrective effect on VFI. Similarly, tax decentralization is also negatively associated with VFI, which obviously means corrective effect and less transfer dependency on federal government. To the contrary a positive association between expenditure decentralization and VFI is indicative that increase in government size/budget outlay are broadly financed through federal transfers thereby creating larger vertical fiscal imbalances. This also give policy prescription for future, that tax decentralization has disproportionality higher benefits compared to expenditure decentralization in terms of magnitude of VFIs. Based on different model specifications, we found that Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution has both corrective and expansionary effect on VFIs

A Comparative Study of Sports Competition Anxiety within Jimma University Male Players of different Sports

The purpose of the study was to analyze and compare the Sports Competition Anxiety between Jimma university players. For the purpose of this study 50 players (Football, Basketball, Table Tennis, Athletics and Gymnastics) were selected from Jimma University, Ethiopia as the subject. All these players were going to represent Jimma University in 9th Ethiopian Governmental Higher Institutions Sports Festival in 2016. For this study sports competition anxiety test (SCAT, Martens et al., 1990) questionnaire was used to measure sports competition anxiety. Descriptive Statistic (Mean, Standard Deviation), Independent t-test was applied to analyze and compare the degree of Sports Competitive Anxiety between Jimma university male players. The level of Significance was set at 0.05. Results indicated that there are significant differences found within Jimma University male players (Football, Basketball, Table Tennis, Athletics and Gymnastics) in their Sports Competition Anxiety. Keywords: Competition, Anxiety, Football, Basketball, Table Tennis, Athletics and Gymnastic

Strategies for improving English language Listening Skill (The Case of Distract BANNU)

This study aims to provide some innovative strategies for improving listening skill of English Language of secondary level students at district Bannu. Effective Listening in English language, guiding the students towards effective oral communication, is the problem with all the ESL students at secondary level and as such it creates problem for English language teachers. The objective of the study was to help the English language teachers and students to overcome this problem by showing the results of application of innovative strategies for improving English language listening skill. Specifically, this study aims to guide the teachers of district Bannu to bring innovation in their teaching and thus enable their students to overcome their listening problem. For this purpose, first of all, data was collected from English Language teachers of secondary level in order to know about the steps taken for the improvement of listening skill of their students. The data was collected through rating scale questionnaire. After that an experimental study was carried out for which a 10th grade class was selected. For the collection of data t-test was used. Results indicated that a visible change occurred in the listening skill of the treatment group, after the application of innovative strategies on this group. Hence it proved that the application of innovative strategies for improving listening skill had a very positive impact on the students. Keywords: Listening Skills, English Language, Innovative Strategies, t- Test

A Comparison of Selected Biomechanical Parameters of Spike Serves between Intervarsity and Intercollegiate Volleyball Players

The purpose of this study was to compare the selected biomechanical parameters of spike service between intervarsity and intercollegiate level volleyball players. Twelve (6 Intervarsity and 6 Intercollegiate level) male volleyball players were selected as the subjects for this study from Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India. The mean age, height, body weight, arm length and leg length of intervarsity players were 22.25 years (SD 0.94), 178.33 cm (1.06), 69.67kg (1.29), 59.74 cm (1.05) and 87.74 (1.73) respectively, whereas intercollegiate players were 21.92 years (SD 0.66), 173.56 cm (1.65), 67.50 kg (1.38), 57.17 (1.25) and 86.32 (1.83) respectively. All subjects were right-handed volleyball players. The players were allowed to have warm-up and trials. Each subject was asked to do the spike service. Five services were recorded from one side of the body with a high speed camcorder (Canon Legria HF S10) operating at 1/2000 with a frame rate of 60 frames per second. Data were collected from the movement onset until the ball crosses the net (successful). The camcorder was placed on a tripod at the height of 6 feet on the right angle of the subjects at a distance of 12 meters away to the side-line. Recorded data were digitized with the help of Silicon Coach Pro7 motion analysis software. The selected kinematics variables were ball height, jump height, hand velocity and ball velocity. The other segmental angles were also be studied in this study those were ankle angle, knee angle, hip angle, shoulder angle, elbow angle and wrist angle. The t-test was used for statistical analysis of the data by using SPSS-18 version software. The results revealed that insignificant difference exits between intervarsity and intercollegiate level male volleyball players in the spike serve performance

SANKHAHOLI (( Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.)): A REVIEW

ABSTRACT: The Sankhaholi (Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.) of family  Convolvulaceae which is commonly known as sankhpushpi, in traditional system of medicine including Unani Medicine. It is a perennial herb with a small woody branched root stock which contains alkaloids: shankhapushpine and evolvine. Fresh plant of sankhholi contains volatile oil. It also contains a yellow neutral fat, an organic acid and saline substances. Therapeutic uses of Sankhaholi Evolvulus alsinoides Linn, mentioned in the Unani Medicine are Alexiteric (Mufarreh), Cardiac  tonic  (Muqawwi-e Qalb), Brain tonic  (Muqawwi-e Dimag), Digestive (Hazim)  Musaffi-e- Khoon (Blood purifier),General tonic (Muqawwi-e-am), Diuretic (Mudirr-e-Baul), Anti Inflammatory (Muhallil-e-waram), Hypoglycemic (Dafa-e-Ziabitus), Antihypertensive (Dafye Imtella). It is also used in headache, asthma, hyperlipidemia etc. The present article reviews the pharmacological actions and therapeutic uses of Sankhaholi ( Evolvulus alsinoides Linn.) present in Unani literature supported with the available clinical and animal studies.Keywords: Sankhaholi Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. Sankhpushpi, Unani Medicin

INTERNAL FACTORS, EXTERNAL FACTORS AND BANK PROFITABILITY

A developed banking sector provides the impetus for the economy to grow. However, in order to maintain financial stability and sustain negative shocks, it is important to understand the factors that influence the profitability of banks. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of internal and external factors on the profitability of banks in Pakistan for the period 2007-2015. Fixed effects model was used to analyse the effect of internal and external factors on the profitability of banks in Pakistan. The findings of the study revealed that among internal factors only bank size and asset composition significantly influences the profitability of banks whereas in the external determinants only real interest rates and GDP growth rates has a significant effect on the profitability of banks

SINGLE-BLIND, RANDOMIZED, CONTROL TRIAL OF A UNANI COMPOUND FORMULATION IN ILTEHAB TAJAWEEFE ANAF MUZMIN

Objective: The objective of the study was to establish the efficacy and tolerability of oral Unani formulations with inhalation of Kalonji and to provide safe, effective, and economical treatment for Iltehab Tajaweefe Anaf Muzmin (chronic rhinosinusitis [CRS]). Methods: A randomized single-blind, comparative study of 40 patients of CRS. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups each consisting of 20 patients. In Group A, oral Unani formulation of Katan (Linum usitatissimum), Filfil Siyah (Piper nigrum), and honey was given 6 g BD with steam inhalation of Kalonji (Nigella sativa) and Tab Alaspan 1 BD with Karvol Plus inhalation was given in Group B. Results: Statistical analysis of the data was done using paired t test by comparing the visual analog scale score of all major and minor symptoms before and after treatment. The result is statistically highly significant in Group A (p<0.0001) and it is significant in Group B. (p<0.01). Conclusion: It may be concluded that the oral Unani formulation with inhalation of Kalonji has statistically highly significant effect on major and minor symptoms of CRS. A multicentric trial of the test drug on larger sample size for a longer duration is required to establish the efficacy of the formulation on CRS