Concrete sewer pipe corrosion induced by sulphuric acid environment

Corrosion of concrete sewer pipes induced by sulphuric acid attack is a recognised problem worldwide, which is not only an attribute of countries with hot climate conditions as thought before. The significance of this problem is by far only realised when the pipe collapses causing surface flooding and other severe consequences. To change the existing post-reactive attitude of managing companies, easy to use and robust models are required to be developed which currently lack reliable data to be correctly calibrated. This paper focuses on laboratory experiments of establishing concrete pipe corrosion rate by submerging samples in to 0.5 pH sulphuric acid solution for 56 days under 10ºC, 20ºC and 30ºC temperature regimes. The result showed that at very early stage of the corrosion process the samples gained overall mass, at 30ºC the corrosion progressed quicker than for other temperature regimes, however with time the corrosion level for 10ºC and 20ºC regimes tended towards those at 30ºC. Overall, at these conditions the corrosion rates of 10 mm/year, 13,5 mm/year and 17 mm/year were observed

Experimental workflow describes the procedure for identifying CNV in subjects with hypertension related LVH.

<p>Experimental workflow describes the procedure for identifying CNV in subjects with hypertension related LVH.</p

General characteristics of CNV among the 116 genomes of hypertension subjects from Peninsular Malaysia.

<p>General characteristics of CNV among the 116 genomes of hypertension subjects from Peninsular Malaysia.</p

Network analyses of rare CNVs in the cases from stage-1 analysis.

<p>Network was generated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis by merging up the top canonical pathways with default settings. Network analysis revealed UBC signalling as the major interacting network.</p

Percent Discontinuations Because of Cough in the ONTARGET Study.

<p>*Risk in telmisartan/ramipril group.</p>δ<p>p-value (telmisartan vs. ramipril).</p>†<p>p-value (asians vs. non-asians).</p>§<p>p for interaction.</p

Network analyses of rare CNVs in cases from stage-1 analysis.

<p>Network was generated by GeneGo Metacore pathway analysis programme by merging the top canonical pathways with default settings.</p

Percent Permanent Discontinuations Because of Side effects in ONTARGET and TRANSCEND.

<p>*Risk in telmisartan/ramipril group.</p>¶<p>p-value (telmisartan vs. ramipril).</p>**<p>Risk in telmisartan/placebo group.</p>δ<p>p-value (telmisartan vs. placebo).</p>†<p>p-value (asians vs. non-asians).</p>§<p>p for interaction.</p

Description of the study population.

<p>Description of the study population.</p

Baseline Characteristics of Asians and Non-Asians in the ONTARGET and TRANSCEND studies.

<p>*7 patients with missing ethnicity.</p><p>BP = blood pressure; BMI = body mass index; HDL = high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL = low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PTCA = percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.</p

Histogram displaying the length distribution (in percentage) of the CNVs calls.

<p>Histogram displaying the length distribution (in percentage) of the CNVs calls.</p